1 20 1523 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/e76639c8cbdd810f4e69cbbb330050f5.pdf?Expires=1773878400&Signature=tMnqupSjmueePXMmZk98mthGzyCnvUDL5LVCrOYf9GjKzv8BidVwdLrrb-t0jnCQI8EsIS0LxRJ6ZXDBMNTw7M1bE%7EMj7j%7E5EKQfzLqG4lkNK3Yge2pi6Tch5bUtM4WiIhnilW4AhKS-Jqn279UIVXjpzGh6eNr2x4KoT2PqotR14dWzXKWdvwG3bRvSDrwX-sbIWTpzSEEDMT8FEMX1mAN%7ELd1u1zTP%7EsGbgegmoWLbAWWVkkl5HdBq%7EMe82Zh1ZEqrnnAA24pz6ZfAqSHimztTnnUFkfdyDdUMxr0ngGGbiz9trgrUXt3YQn-husrtc8QB59JJgeOphHYMRvvcqA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 382218a2d12f2bf36c28716bc2a22f42 PDF Text Text The Part I. of Knowledge .About Asbestos Disease Asbes~osJs ,.I The of carlie~t asbe~tos .~rl~::orded goes back historical to the recognition time of of the hazards Christ. "Strabo, the Greek geographer and historian {63 B.C. - 24 A.D.), described the clangers of asbestos weaving, and Pliny the Younger {Gl-lJ.3 A.O.), in his description of the diseases cf slaves, called asbestosis an occupational disease. Both writers stated that the use of asbestos in the manufacture of hu11dl~erchj_ef s, headcloths, and tahlecloths ·was cormnon, and that the cost of these articles \-.'as equal to the pearls of India. 11 1 Pliny the the use 2 Younger, of that to .slaves the their order point and the gross the to lives keep have it The modern commercial not died to of asbes~os asbestos prod·..:iction of themselves their use slaves, but by the realized disabled at breathing the all in difficulties of respirators in much as one might out with dust Romans exert wearing them, the becoming these· from the first instituted of to of that as pathologists available effects inhalation report could they referred were The Romans not of radiology Pliny's they then extend did avoid asbestos that a machine Romans from severe. to to weaving work, became oil respirators I if1fer slaves. a Roman historian, too quickly. ffiicroscopes nonetheless inhalation or they on their industry be~an in asbestos insulation the The the science ~aw work~rs. 1870's, and products was 3 recorded as of 1874. • Selikoff and co-workers wrote in 19~~: �' -2- .. I ' II "~sbestos, as a mixture of fiber and sodium ~licate, was first used as an insulation material in 1866 and as asbestcs cement about 1870. Magnesia with asbestos as a binder soon followed and ·air-cell covering, made with corrugated asbestos paper, was introduced in 1898. These materials are still in use, with others." The first modern textile workers was not published referred to in in reports of asbestosis were in asbestos 4,5 and Franc~. O~e of these, Murray's England in the a-1918 general medical bulletin literature, published by the but U.S. it case, "':a.:;; Department 6 of· Labor's presented Bureau ----=------·--·--· his Industrial of case Statistics (Hoffman). '----------- report Diseoses . examination. Labor . to the Diagnosis Hoffman .... Murray had . Committee Departmental was verified on by a post mortem wrote: "In reply to a qtiestion by the Chairman of the CoITu~ittee as to whether, in view of the fact that there is something characteristic in the earlier stages of dust phthisis* i'n the predominance of shortness of breath before physical signs become very obvious, such a condition had been observed in the case of the asbestos worker under treatment by Dr. Murray, and under observation for 14 months, the doctor said that it ha6 been noticed in the case in question and that, in other words, there Wu.S a dcfit1ite relation bct' ..'C~n the co-urse of phthisTs7l'nclthc Ehysica.l:_ -inc~cTiy rcsu l ting !_ro12_~ the ir..halation or usbestos dust." (Emphasis added.) Hoffman that cited attributed Of the 3 of 3 who died of 35 and 44 years, at death; two others *Phthisis modifier, cutter's js figures llt'hcfcver, phth"isis). 13 deaths from an old from the of Prudential asbestos tuberculosis, and died term refers one of for to (insurance) workers two died tuberculosis. between was between 25 and prieumonia. Nine tuberculosis. a pneumoconiosis to Its the 34 years of the use (e.g., Company of ~ges age ' 13 asbestos with a stone �-3I J workers died "dressing" before of age 45. Hoffman said that the mining and asbestos ------- "unquestionably involve a considerable _d_usthaiard, but the hygienic aspects of the industry have not beeri repbrted upon. It may be said, in conclusion, that in the practice of-American and.Canadian life insurance companies asbestos workers are generully declined on account of the assumed health-injurious conditions of the industry." -He ·continued, "It is regrettable that there should be no further information available regarding the asbestos industry in its various-branches, including the utilization of by-products of manufuctul:e, on accountof the selfevident injuriousness of asbestos dust as a predisposing cause of pulmonary tuberculosis." (Emphasis added.) His style is raising the products cumbersome, question were "That used, 3 of by tuberculosis raised concern the lungs more of dust in culosis lun9s in as the lungs once that ~-·' life workers, might 2 were reduce role of rcles Although these insuranc·e an<l that are by pneumonia asbestos trapped pointed to 2) asbestos dust to progress 3) asbestos passing small as numbers, ·had identified one 1) resistance the in to asbestos: compa-n±es7ver·e-already Murray asbestos reportedly caused for a person's and been where were The data contracted; itself trades deaths resistance people have work. infections; are to reportedly deaths. -a person's they in workers' possible pneumonia reduce hazards possible following pneumonia. asbestos the appears insulation and the be killing indeed as these infections, or such causing might mighi health asbestos over and/or Hoffman of these caused but or asbestos tuber- in the of such "phthisis" tuberculosis it is and/ significant refusing· a distinct �I -4- i I I I disease also as been the cause a British of tuberculosis use of dust in controls of death of government the an asbestos report production in 3 factories worker. on an excessive of . asbestos . There had incidence mattresses·and the . . "The relation of asbestos dust to pulmonary tuberculosis is reported upon at some length in the Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for England and Wales for 1910. The investigation was made by Dr. Collis, who states, in part, that-Following up information received from the registrar-general, it was found that five deaths of persons suffering from phthisis had occurred in five years among a staff of under 40 workers employed at a factory where asbestos is woven. The process which appeared most dangerous is the production of asbestos mattresses. These mattresses, which are composed of bags of woven asbestos filled with short asbestos ·fiber, are placed on a table and beaten out fl~t by a man with a wooden flail, from which process much dust arises. Women who sew the mattre~ses into sections with asbestos threads worked close to the man who beat the mattresses and of necessity inhaled. the dust. The reorganization of this process with the application of localized exhaust draft was called for, and an annual medical examination of th2 workers by the certifying surgeon has been instituted in the }1ope of detecting and removing from exposure to dust those showing early signs of respiratory disease. Weavin~ asbestos has only become an important industry during the last 15 years. Two other lnrge asbestos factories were visited, each of whicl1 was found to have its own specialty in the prod11ction of which dust prevention is required." The Department. research on health of Labor hazards bulletin in the contained growing asbestos numerous pleas industry. "The rapidly increasing development of industries using ilsbestos, as ascertained from domestic or foreiqn sources, suggests the urgency of more _qualified medical consideration than has heretofore b~en given the subject." for �··5Hoffman also noted asbestos-related there diseases Geological _U.S. that was no medical from Surveyr or the the Surgeon state of literature available General's Georgia Library, where on the asbestos was mined. "There extensive is an urgent investigation facture. case evidently ~, report. of he said, The the in paragraph need health the for a more aspects paragraph of qualified asbestos describing and manu- Murray's ends, "It is therefore to be anticipated that the conditions of asbestos workers will attract more qualified attention in this country in the future than it has in the past." Also in 1918, Pancoast and co-workers reported finding fibrosis 7 in the chest X-rays The first of report was by Cooke in 15 asbestos of 1924. ·v" workers. asbestosis In-1927 in Cooke the British publ~shed medical literature additional details 9 his case, Britain ln a 33-year-old woman. was reported by Seiler 1929, reported Iladdow Another in case 10 of asbestosis in 1928 .. 4 fatal cases of asbestosis ..l...1. whose average cases under age at death treatment, was 41. women whose He also average had age four was "advanced" 35. "I_know that ma_ny \·mrke-cs had drifted away _f_ro:11the--a~d5E:..§._tos-=i:ac~~-cs;~_u ?e they be1 ~ Wq.s_unhealthy, whilst many women hac.1-ceascd work to c1tterx.1 to their homes, • and any fibrosis present would readily be overlooked in later years when death overtook them. " Thus, the asbe~tos.__workcrs _____:___---impaired ------ factories, were ---- condition and deaths -··-· no doubt) apparently_~j:~_J_g__t_o_see -----=-==---• that of grave the f those longest dangers were ·------------· (from employed attendant at upon the of �dusty aid jobs of in sputum asbe~tos plants--they detcrmineu cytology, patholo~y, epidemiology, In .1928-1929 in Great Merewether , Britain investigated asbestos. The asbestos to the conduct pure or dusts nearly were as much as textile industry centers of pure textile other trades; large long an opportunity to exposed exposure place fibrogenic did not fluctuate in the asbestos exposure such mills of workers. They of time, thus observe the effects to was to potentially and groups Depart.Ir.ent exposure Further, periods Factory was a logical dust the radiology. of workers {No other addition, without or the workers' substantial. for of heplth these asbestos was Price {ndustry asbestos. In . the because relatively many individuals researchers study, pre~ent.} in and this were had giving of e.'Tlployed the prolonged exposure. Merewether 95 of and Price (26%) had asbestosis 12 it. Based on these examined and 363 workers 21 others findings, th~ had authors and found ''precursive that signs" wrote, " ... it appears that the general incidence rate of fibrosis of the lungs amongst those employed in these sections of the industry is rather less than 1 in 8, or, excluding those employed under 5 y2ars, rather les~ than 1 in 3." These of time invcstigatcrs and dustinQl?.Z analyzed -of__j~, and the wo_i:h.i:_:,rs' cxp_~sures sununarized their by len~_!:.ti~ findings "t-lhile it. seems necessary for the production of generalised fibrosis of the lungs that a definite minimal guu.ntity of dust must be inhaled, the lower the concentration of dust in the air breathed, the longer the lapse of before th2 fibrosis is fully developed, and within a certain limit, the higher the concentration of dust, the sooner the fibrosis becomes fully developed an<l tho more intense th8 involvement of the lung tissue. time thusly: �w If th . ., hypothesis is correct, c..,,d the evidence points to it, the practical inferences are of v~ry great importanc~, since it follows that the application of measures resulting in the reduction of the concentration of dust in the air in the neighbourhood of dusty asbestos processes will cause, first a great. increase in the length of time before workers develop a disabling fibrosis, and secondly, the almost total disappearance of the disease, as the measures for the suppression of dust are perfected." 11 J.C. National which McVitti~, of Insura~ce, contained l~tion and Great described specific·_ dust Britain's the Ministry reaction recommendat_ions 13 to _for of this Pensions and· report, improve<:! venti- suppression:_ "Under section 79 of the Factory and Workshops Act of 1901 the Secretary of State issued a certificate to the effect that 'the manipulation of asbestos and the m~nufacture and repair of articles composed wholly or partly of asbestos and processes incidental thereto are dangerous.' The sect_iqn .in-the Wo;rk,-nen' s Compensa tioQ Act of· 19·2 s·~ which provfdea··for-the -application of -~ha.t,..___Act-to workmen suffering from silicosis was extend~d to.certain processes involving exposure to_asbesto.§_dust, and_in 19J-:l-usbestosis..-becaroe a c..o.inpensabl~_g_.i__~ease. Compensation cover was fairly wide and the compensatable disease was defined as 'fibrosis of the lunas .clue lo asbcs-tqs..-dust or that disease accomp.;_nied by-tttm."TCUTos is . , " ·Regulatio11s measures for in exhaus~ asbestos In 1930, the ventilation, plants same were year the dust made co~trol, effective and housekeeping on March above-mentioned report 1, was 1932. issued l * in Great Britain, American publication his investigation article began report, from • plants emerges: Merer.•.rether Journal of with which the published of British a description a grim pictµre a lengtl1y arl:icle in the 14 Hygiene. He described Industrial asbestos of of textile Murray's the early 1906 industry. The asbestosis case asbestos te~tile �"The pati~nt, a male aged 33, came under the care·of Dr. Montague Murray at the Charing Cross Hospital in the beginning of 1899. He had worked with asbestos for 'some 14 years,' 10 years as a cardroom hand and the remainder in some other room of the factory 'where there was less dust.' Ee volunteered that, of the 10 people working in the cardioom when he went into it, he was the only survior, and that all the others had died somewhere about 30 years of age ... He was treated in the Charing Cross Hospital for two months, and then returned to work. After a few months, however, he became ill again, and was re-admitted to the Hospital in April, 1900, where he died. The post mortem examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis of extensive pulmonary fibrosis. There was no evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis . " ·He described the terminal stages of asbestosis: "As the disease progresses, if no acute illness has caused a fatal termination, a stage is reached when the lungs can do little more than maintain life; and the shortness of breath is extreme. '"tven in its terminal stages, the disease, deceitful to the last, may masquerade ~~chronic bronchitis,"pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchopneumonia, or the like. 11 .Merewether still pointed healthy out infection would noted enough that would likely the to be found workers have be told iimitation with cause to quit to of at work asbestosis• go to their studies in the on those factories. who develop a doctor. dusty based Such a tuberculous workers jobs: "Thus, there tends to be a. drift of from the fibrosis-producing industry. such He cases "Dur ir1g the course of the inquiry, inforr.-:a tion was obtained of a number of persons, previou~ly employed in asbestos, who were ei thcr at hon1e or in sanutoriums, suffering from chest complaints. Where an examin~tion of workers is confined to those at work, a certain number of advanced cases of fibrosis, and a certain number of pulmonary tuberculosis, with or without an asbestos fibrosis, in persons who have either given up ~ork, or who are off work temporarily, will be missed." �-9-. In presenting good his exhaust statistics, Merewether said that comparativ~ly ventilation, "whi~h has been applied in some degree for more than seventeen years, has been a positive factor in minimizing the production of fibrosis--probably in the direction of lengthening the period before the fibrosis ~eco~~s fully deveioped." The statistical reported in June 1930, 28, a bill the in the highlights Journal at of the time Parliament Workmen's to of Merewether's the American when extend Compensation Lord the Act to Medical Russell were Association had silicosis cover findings just on introduced orov1.·s· ions asbestosis also of 15 as well. "Suppoxting the bill, Lord Russell for the government said that many processes in silica working could not show a mortality approaching that for the asbestos industry, in which 14 fatal cases had now been repartee and in addition 3 deaths from ~sbestosis associated with tuberculosis." The same in January, 1928, American Medical This physicians. a fatal had had run noted been case its first to bring Cooke's 16 In 19 3 0, the Association report about journal Mills' published in in case South America prior to Jol~rnal report of the journal a man who had worked -:_7 in article to 1898: the of on asbestosis attention the Arner .i.can an-asbestosis Minnesota in of an asbestos case. Medicine, mine �·-10- "Concerning the relation of physicians of the• United S~ates to this industry, Mills pointed out that asbestos is mined and manufactured ih many parts qf this country, and that pulmonary asbestosis surely will be encounter~d." in ~y 18 . He remarked Also asbestosis. industry was 40 years published that old the the in first Canadian asbestos Canada, but mining paper on and milling that "[t]o our knowledge, however, no case of pneumoconiosis has ever been reported from asbestos in Canada, and the general impression among miners·is that the dust is not hazardous." The writer the acknowledged British authorities notice on Lord of American the that as Russell's asbestosis had been a compensable disease, bill Medical before Parliament Association. He pointed recognized by citing in the out the Journal that "Mining is carried out in open quarries and is not usually a very dusty job, but in the milling a g~eat deal of fine dust is created, and men who work t~ere are heavily exposed to whatever hazard may exist." He provided no figures and mining in milling on the numbers asbestos. of people lie ackriowledged employed in that "it is quite possible that the condition in mines may have gone unrecognized, for mines are usually situated in the country, whereas factories are apt to be in the city where facilities for autopsies are better." Note since ·· rock Pedley it that is and mills* most sort suspected it are economical by grade usually to located separate (length) adjacent the before to mines, fiber fron transporting the host it. that "if the miners were seriously affected by asbestos the effects should ~e reflected in a high tuberculosis death rate, provided the mining populati~n was fairly stationary and did not go to sanitoria or elsewhere to die." *These mills process ore where manufactured goods and are not are made. the same as textile mills, �-11- He went on to compare the rate.from Thetford mines; the rate for the~Province very nearly the were based were death 1926-1928 Quebec, tuberculosfs an asbestos of Quebec death mining as center, a whole--and to found ... they were the rates l.€dleythen . reported in same. described published not given. the asbestos autopsy asbestotics (variously "asbestosis bodies" The numbers and bodies examinations referred to "curious of in of the deaths that the early on which had been lungs of literature as bodies").· "Unquestionably these 'curious bodies' have stimulated much interest in the disease, asbestosis. Pathologists, whose interest in such a disease might languish, come alive at the sight of the 'curious bodies.' From the public health standpoint, however, it _•seems hardly likely that asbestosis will become of importance either from the standpoint of morbidity or mortality."· Pedley, in was compounding noted, mill the . of there the little the that would town. as !mother a sole recognize asbestosis greatest risk of not of find mill out workers which mortality from an excessive dS serious index: -- ::5c h ronic• f ai ·1 ure, l--pneumonia,• The failure wishful population, show up a pathologist's with the their as research he did If chance rates at were. entire whole I losis Yet town's ·how bad, asbestosis slipshod population workers. people dismissing physicians error in among miners this thinking. asbestosis likely, 1-2 then tuberculosis, tuberculosis was the usually percent there of died for tubercuof \ and mill mining workers is - heart or ¢. tu b ercu 1 osis.• Canadian is no matter rate use the these made up only is As he was how many of asbestotics b ronc h't' i is, disease, town typical to �\ ~ pf the to learn situaiion Lhe world about British in over. asbestosis spite of the The funericans in textile mill long history of had_just workers the begun from modern the asbestos ~ manufacturing the even industry British recognize and in England doctors likewise the workers faced by asbestos one hardly overlook who discovers people. that If himself branded including In the the worked a nearby most same attempt of to asbestosis and weaving processing of the explain how milling hazard, while Whether bibliography Merewether's is to Einally, physician on is effect, in existence killing he might find Southern of reports asbestos, is Pedley all Journal in both did not no Rhodesia cause of the papers the last one, of the presented same mb1eral questionable--especially the by far in Canada read men fiber minerals, co~ld asbes- were asbestos in Canada. England Rhodesia. of two cases asbestos actually in on asbestosis, chrysbtile this in 1930_publication occupational 17 articles mined milling Pedley that chrysotile asbestos time small-town Chrys?tile is to town depends commercial that Canadian the Simson's operation. asbestos ·asbestosis. his the in mining long 1870's. on two cases miners." a mill the bibliography er And people. Rhodesian abundant type the the mentioned "four who.had from his Simson's -in of country. a fatal since an announcement in text.Pedley tosis industry this a very of plight an enemy of listed threat the the he makes Pedley took investigate disease can and.. in in Industrial Hygiene. ------ In December, Los Angeles meeting of 193D, _to present the Dr. J. a major Radiological V. Sparks paper Society of London on asbestosis of North America. journey~d at the The to annual �-13paper was published 19 Radiology~ Sparks on [asbestosis] 1930. ance the remarked has been Sparks.called of workers factories cases a period the that of that first the years four in or fibrosis of the startling radiologists fact that more.serious removed less," did continued their pas~ed, referring to workplaces these where workers to deteriorate lungs produced Sparks they fail as the a steadily to to show signs first to in some after some may become dust and they not, howestablished, establish asbestosis even asbestos exposure: the some ·cases as time from Not only in were preponder- [British] "It seems reasonable to suppose that years of such employment the \1orkers affected by the inhalation of asbestos seek other industries. The fact that cease to be exposed to the dust does ever, prevent the disease, when once from progressing." Thus, 1925 to ... the begins years from "striking employed four no literature in America" to been journal "practically attention finding after year~can published who have for Merewether's following the became for workers who had been were exposed to asbestos. recuperate, asbestos but fibers increasing their health trapped in fibrosis. said, "It is too early in the study of this disease to say very much on this subject, but . once th8 asbestos bodies appear in the sputum the course of the disease would appear to be progressively downwa~ds, nor does cessation of exposure to the dust avail to check its spre2d . . . Prophylvxis is all··important and the only hope for the asbestos worker lies in adoption of the proper means of protection against the risk attendant on the inhalation of the fibers." At the of asbestosis Tuberculosis. end 20 of from 1930, Dr. W. B. Soper Connecticut, Noting the dearth in the published American of 1\merican a case Review medical report of literature �-14on· asbestosis tions and on the acknowledging subject, the flurry of British publica- he wrote: "Just as c~rtain other dusts took their toll over a long period before· the.medical profession awoke to the true facts, so asbestos dust to a lesser degree appears to be taking its toll without sufficient recognition of the fact on the part of physicians." In radiologists 1925 Pancoast and Pendergrass of Philadelphia 21 reported X-ray abnormalities among asbestos workers they examined. 22 They to published some cases reports as ''A Review mentioned from the 1927 extensive progressive to Pneumoconiosis" above, 1929 study nature of of they in described by Oliver and by Merewether Price. addition asbestosis by Wood and and In 1931. case Page, They noted asbestosis: "The condition is apparently proaressive even after cessation of occupation. ~erewcther and Price state that with continued exposure to high conc~ntration dust fibrosis may be fully developed in from seven to nine years, and death may result in about thirteen tears. With less concentration, fibrosis may not be fully developed for 15, 20, or 25 years. Inhalation of dust in high concentration results in a more marked degree of fibrosis in a shorter time than when the concentration is lower." Another case report was published in 1931 by Lynch and 23 Smith in Charleston, South Carolir.a. -----------~------"For a number The report began, of yc.:i.rs, one of us (W.A.S.) has o~served in the chest clinic at the Reper Hosp1.t.aJ. l.Cha.rleston) e:1nd at cJ.inics held at certain sections of Charleston Ccunty, cases of J?-~a~-~~Y--d~E"'c1sC? which po.3sesscd characteristics not orainar1ly encountered ... The significance of the relationship of the occupation and the pulmonary disability was realized when in the fall of 1927 an adult male, about 40 years of age, who had worked for 17 years in an asbcsto~ plant, was seen in consultation with a local pnysic.f".:rn. The man exhibited' the characteristic 1>icture of the terminal stage of respiratory failure." ·-------A literature review .- . and the case report followed. In their as well the �-15survey of of the 172 cases available of pulmonary --------------Stewart literature and the authors counted a total asbestosis. co-workers in Philadelphia ~eported two more _24 cases of asbestosis, in 1931. "The two cases cited illustrate nicely the extremes and some of the features of the disease. In the first case, as far as the patient's health and life were concerned, the presence of pulmonary asbestosis in the lung was relatively unimportant. He had symptoms doubtfully attributable to it. It was only through the history, which was confirmed by postmortem examination, that the possibility of such a condition was suggested. It is, however, important to point out two considerations in this case. First, it is a question whether the asbestosis had anything to do with his emphysema and cough. As an etiologic* factor, the asbestosis cannot be ignored. The other point is one .that has to do with preventive medicine. The exposure was for nine years in a comparatively well ventilated factory in which precautionary appliances were used, and y~t ~he patient d~veloped a minor grade of the disease. It would seem that further precautionary means are necessary in this occupation to obviate a disease in itself so preventable. "In the second case, the patient worked in an asbestos factory for a short time, but without .J. mask. This was long enough to permit his lungs to become densely filled with the dust. Obviously the symptoms did not result from the asbestos per ~c, but were due to the marked fibrosis resulting from the deposition of the pigment. This demonstrates that the symptoms of a pneumoko~iosis may com~ on years after a short exposure and emphasizes again the absolute necessity for wearing masks in even the less dusty atmospheres." Once again, the of is very exposure severe *etiologic: one. insidious apparent, 'l'his causative. progress of especially report showed for the disease the that after second high case, asbestos cessation a .. , .. �-16exposure of for textile 9 months "spinner" respiratory prevent could work protection was ndt workers .exposed prove under with one year's to only one year Stewart and a year to Merewether, he examined asbestos co-workers for ... of that 9 years_ those or and times less of did high since the asbestos exposure had first before ended and of ventilation as good The result observable fatal, conditions regarded asbestosis. ·suie later with not expo- been he saw them. the statement, "From the histories there appears further need for study along the prevention of this disease." to be a lines of ·wood and Glcyne published a paper on the histology of 25 asbestosis in 1930. As many others would note, they found the fibrosis A later as well, Stewart and et was !:lo.st marked at paper describes by Gloyne even al. one case remarked the bases the damage of in of pleural 24 1931: cance~ that lungs. to the with pleura asbestosis. 26 "'l'he marked fibrosi-s of. the pleura, particularly of that bet.:;.\'een the base of the lung and the diaphragm, is characteristic." In Germany, reported similar on the summary of findings clinical early course German ~o those of literature in asbestosia appeared England in in were 1931-1932. the A British 27 ·journal Lancet among 4 8 workers and initial "cough in in 1932. Kruger exar,1ined, 13 of the and co-wo.ckers • 3 0 case~ cases," of reported, "definite and dyspnca "the lung changes commonest complaint." "The statistical tables 2ppear to indicate that moderately severe asbestosis takes some five years to develop, while none of the •.vorkers examined who had had ten years or more exposure . was free from signs of the diseusc." (Dresden, pt:blished 1931.) II �... Gerbis and \ Ucko examined German factory in showed ~ymptoms." Berlin, 33 asbestos and found ThE;se symptoms especially on exertion; of weight; pain in cough breathing; workers that were with in "[n)early shortness s_putum; palpitation of all of lack of the another the breath cases .. appetite; heart; loss faint- ·27 ness; and increasing pallor. "The authors noted that the severity of the disease <lid not appear to be dependent on the age of the worker, but rather on the number of years he had been in the factory, and on the am6unt of asbestos dust inhaled, which varies considernbly in different processes. Whenever a patient had been working for more than ten years, asbesto.::;is coulcl be demonstrated radiologically." ( 19 3 2) In a series the of radiograms in only the 8 cases early from stages of Dresden, the it illness was noted that were "especially authors found 27 obvious'' in the lower lobes of the lungs. These that "the more serious cases did not necessarily tend to get worse after removal fro~ their harmful surroundings--in which their experience appears to have differed from the early observations of \·J. B(lr ton Wood in this country. 11 Wood later that did others not 28 reported (1934) -~;ors en after that he had • cessation of seen asbestosis exposure, cases though many did. In Journal - the of July Industrial described the to in appear 1933 first the issue Hygiene, case medical of of the American Dr. Philip asbestosis publication Ellman in an insulation worker literature: "A'typicaJ. lesiofi'ofmild activity, with an early stage of pulmonary asbestosis, was present• in one of my cases who had been exposed to asbestos dust for 10 years; but the work, which con~:;i stc,J j n co01· i ng lead piQ.Cs, did not entail exposure to high dust -conccntra tions. 11 �-J.o'W Ellman's description of the asbestotic was vivid: "[Al case of simple silicosis often looks well, declares that he is well, and is even offended when any reflection is cast upon the soundness of his lungs .. In contrast to this a c~se of asbestosis is cyanotic, emaciated,' anxious, and often obviously going downhill. Such then, is the clinical picture of sufferers from asbestosis. "Only by an extension of meaning could the word_ 'sufferer' be applied to anv6ne with simpl~ silicosis." (Original emphasis.) Ellman described the progressiveness of the disease: "An interesting feature of this disease is the length of time which may elapse between exposur.e to the dust and a fatal termination, and the fact that this period is only one-half of that in silicosis . . The dust particles, once they have gained access, continue to injure the lungs, and the disease is a progressive one, which, if sufficient dust is present, ends fatally, the end being determined by some inter-current complication, such as acute bronchopnet,1monia or ph"thjsis." He also noted development that of diagnosticians asbestos The following in find fibrosis at the he again described the bases the worker in a paper published 30 Ellman's first paper Rudiology. of of asbestosis had In October, the Medical patient at the "carding" That meeting polis, 1933, of ~hich age operation same month the 29 after at lLlter Public reports before. of work an asbestos textile presented a paper published in c~se appeared ·31 Admini.stration. 8 years Health asbestosis on case an asbestosis of of British of Veterans' lungs. the years the the case in several of Donnelly American was issued a report Bulletin died dusty been earliest of an insulation Journal in year would in the mill. at Association the The Am0rican the in annual • Indiana- Journal of �-.J.:,- 32 Public Heal th. Sanitarium tunity in to '- DG.... elly was a physician Huntersville, examine North many workers at Carolina, from \..Jlc Hecklenburg and nearby had the asbestos oppor- textile plants. "Having had occasion some years ago to familiarize myself with the conditions in asbestos factories, I have since been intensely interested in determining the extent of industrial hazard in this type of work. For that reason I have attempted to obtain X-ray films of the lungs of all asbestos workers who have been referred to the clinic because of respiratory symptoms. Of the ·films taken, only 3 failed to exhibit some definite evidence of the condition called pulmonary asbestosis." Donnelly collected 15 cases period. He warned,· of asbsestosis over a 3 to 4 year "That exposure to the inhalation of this dust for even a co□ paratively short time is a definite and serious industrial hazard, has been too frequently indicated to be open to doubt. The fact that the condition when once acquired is permanent and more or less rapidl.y progressive is most important from a public health viewpoint." He continued, "It also seems to be the consensus of opinion, not only among writers on the subject, but also a.'11ong the asbestos vmrkers, that the protective devices now in use in many plants are most inadequate." He went Regulations annual with medical regulations of on to asbestosis acknowledging in contrast their in the United North great British requirements examinations the the Asbestos for of workers, States Carolina's usefulness and the Industry dust suppression with the lack lack and of of.recognition compensation laws. of he said, asbestos, After �-zo\ "[T]he workers should be provided with every fa6ility .for the protection of their health, so that they may earn a livelihood for themselves and families, for at least an average period of time, at the occupation in which they are most skilled.Unfortunately, every worker handicapped by pulmonary asbestosis becomes almost invariably physically incapable of engaging in any occupation, and many of them become an expense to th2 welfare agencies of the community. Although the number of asbestos workers is much less than that in many other industrie~, th~ir occupatiori is extremely hazardous, and they are amply justified in expecting whatever protection it is possible to give them." H~ closed with a warning to factory owners: "Furthermore, the fact that efficient protective devices in this industry, in spite of the ad~ed expense, will effect a substantial financial saving, is becoming more apparent. The workers themselves are becoming informed of the danger to health, and many civil suits for damages against factory owners are the result." ln December, 11 A Memorandum asbestosis • 2 days life?" at after at age last and showing death was answered exposure to "emphatically, 42 fatal cases of 41. The youn~est the "Does it, that One of 26. description, question, • age died a lengthy 11 figures average cases Merewether published 33 on Asbestosi·s He posed the shorten He presented the 1933, asbestosis of . of the cases .'Yes.'" asbestosis, asbestosis died only asbestos. "The c:i.vcragc duru.tion of eP1ploym~nt suff icient to cuu::;c a fc1. tal degree of asbi.~st:osis was only l5.2 years, as compared with 40.1 years for all cases of silicosis." He not upon his only presented statistics, but also interpreted them based experience: "While these figures show clearly the increas~ng risk with continued employment, it would be wrong to ,tssume thu. t the oppos i tc inf ercnce which the figur0s npp0ar to support--that so long as the period of exposure dc,cs not exceed five years th13 risk of contrQcting asbestosis is almost negligiblc--is co.r-rect. �".Unfortunately, that inference is wholly untenable. The fact is that work. in a dense concentration of asbestos dust over a comparatively short period will lead inevitably to th~ develo~nent pf a profound fibrosis, provided that the worker lives .long enough for it to develop. It has been shm...m thc:i.t experimentally in guinea-pigs fibrosis due to inhaled asbestos commences after about five hundred days' exposure, and the inhaled dust trapped in the respiratory bronchioles remained localised there for at least two-and-a-third years (the length of the experiments up to the time of the report) . Of.the fatal cases in Great Britain of which full particulars are available, in two, examination over fourteen years after the last exposure to asbestos revealed numerous asbestosis bodies. Since these bodies are merely altered asbestos fibres and still contain an internal core of asbestos, and since unaltered asbestos fibres also can be found in the lungs years after the last exposure, it is evident that asbestos dust trapped in the lungs remains and continues to exert its fibrosis-producing powers for at least many years." Merewether described the variable maturation period of asbestosis: "It follows, therefore, and this is imnortant from the practical point of vie~ 0£ preve~tion, that a certain minimum 'fibrosis-producing amount,' as it were, uf asbestos dust raust be trapped in the Jungs in order to oroduce a potentially disabling or serious ~mount of fibrosis, and also that a certain 'maturation' period must elapse before that amount of fibrosis is developed . " "Particulars of cc.1scs seem to shm•. that \·Ji th high concentrations of dust the minimum period of time which must elal:JSC bet\•1ecn the commencement of exposure and the production of a serious degree of asbestosis is approxirnc1tely seven years-which include not only the trapping period of the fibrosis-producing dose_ of dust, but also the maturation period of the fibrosis, which periods, of course, overlap. 1 • to "The existence of this, as the fibrosis-producing which mciy be ref erred period, i.e., the �period which must el~pse from the date of commencing work before a serious degree of asbestosis can be produced, accounts for the fact that it is not until th~ second five years. of employment is reached that appreciable numbers of cases of asbestosis are discovered. "This period of seven years is, of course, the minimum, and few cases mature in this minimum period; in successive years, however, depending on the dustiness of the process in which employed, more cases matur8. In the more dusty processes the fibrosis-producing period, as defined above, is commonly eleven years. "At this point, i.e., when fibrosis of serious import has matured--the worker is unduly short of breath on any extra exertion, has a tinge of cyanosis of the lips, and a little dry cough, mostly in the mornings. He is disinclined to climb stairs or walk up hills and he may even have changed from an upper flat or room to a lower one to avoid climbing the stairs. He still, however, remains at work and usually is not anxious about the state of his health; many refuse to admit any deterioration in health at ~his stage. " . "Examination of the average length of employment of cases of asbestosis, of the radiograms, and of the particulars of the recorded fatal c~ses, also indicates that not only are 'spinners' less likely to contract asbestosis, but when they do, it takes longer to develop; in other words, in 'spinners' the maturation period of the fibrosis is longer." In a~bestosis, light of this he held recognition ovt of little hope the progressive for the nature victims of "The ultimate prognosis in those with de_veloped asbestosis or in those who have incarcerated in their lungs a fibrosisproducing amount of ~sbestos dust, even though no -appreciable fibrosis or only a slight amount can be detected, is bad. Death from the di.sease is inevitable sooner or later, if life is not cut short by accident or by some unconnected diseu.se." ~ - - - - -· - •• ~ - ..._ - • -·- --- ·--·- ....... ~-- -~- ..... -.~•'!t--''at.. of asbestosis: �... In 1934, Wood ·and Gloyne published a review of the first 2f, 100 cases . of their asbestosis series, II worked Most at of the exposure these "The heavy shortest the men and all less Presumably, exposure to The case at these the 67 women in months women in ( 2 cases) this men the series shortest Thus,· least one year airborne with the "Among the seeing than Among the was six ~f " reported from seen. exposur.e 11 months authors asbestos. had same factory. was resulting they , 3 cases of occupational individuals asbestos longest of asbestosis exposure worked at jobs to with fibers. exposure is also interesting: "That even serious damage to the lungs is not incompatible with many years of tolerably co~fortable existence is proved by such an example as that.of a patient who was still able to carry out administrativb duties at a factory when nearly 40 years' exposure to the dust had caused a fibrosis involving all except the apical region~ of the lungs." It regard is reasonable to This case the is asbestosis (clerical factory, as of than The authors only a handful outdoor exposure consider risk described 4Q years to asbestos to later the of in insulation the paper and administrative 1934. Would provided of cases. to brief, this case with as having at had ''aLout an asbestos any higher exposure worker? individual They noted asbestos:. had of workers. work)" he have a~ insulation import two that discussior1s resulted for from �-24- ... " . a van boy, aged 18, whose spare time during.two and a half years' employment had been spent in mixing powdered asbestos in an 11 open yard . . . " ... a man who had been employed asbestos mattresses in the-open air aerodrome.*" Again, one wonders exposures of ti~es, but where the insulators. at the times The next worked dust of doing e~posures Insulators other airborne course how these compared worked in very concentrations handling at an in the confined could with open the air at enclosures "accumulate" in a job. example is the most relevant of all to insulation work: '' served _-w~ere It wa$ not pipes stated himself, mittently boiler riveting exposed the he did been worked man ever it trade. He did during his this work himself, exposed old insulation mostly *"aerodrome--Brit. which has permunent etc. " The American York, 1956. to or applied could (several-year?) work ·from _which the may have if dust insulation He may have this his workers to that but during insulation · done . a middle-aged boiler riveter who had his apprenticeship as a youth in a shop asbestos was used for lagging pipes . have in close apprenticeship crea~ed. but dust insulation been only apprenticeship work left had exclusively just the be~n in the interfor did air torn the to thus He may never in to proximity and he probably II was have a little. around off. mn.nt,facture boilers or he of for airdrome; a landing field fo~ airplanes o_r extensive buildings, cquip;ncnt, shelters, College Dictionary, Random House, New .. �... new boilers, to thus asbestos one to working outfitting and his applying in asbestosis, truth the that so could which if that did this dry his insulation. and mixing and pipes was work. boiler It riveter is could develop workers. by 1934 they worsen after not old, outdoor many insulation noted disease was not facts new insula- of ~J;,Glers it the surely "mattresses," for be exposed who spent off powders insulation riveter an.insulator asbestos areas; The authors of with than asbestos-cement an inescapable boiler ~n boilers--tearing to But whatever This life confined no opportunity apprenticeship. asbestos Much of the done or less boilers tion. little. can be ~rawn: was exposed entire having after co~clusion \ had seen some cases exposure had ceased: "In a previous article we stated that the cessation of exposure to asbesto$ dust did not avail to check the spread of the disease. This is certainly often true, but we have now seen patients whose condition ~ppears to have remained stationary since stopping work at the factory." This cases in following cases of report the mentions series year lung Life 1935, also Gloyne issued industry conducted.by Insurance had two of carcinoma the of a separate asbestosis the report lung. The on these two cancer. The asbestos in that Compuny. Lanza produced and a sLudy co-workers of ot its the workers Metropolitan 34. "In 1929, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company was approached by offi~ials rep~e~ senting the asbestos industry in the_u~ited ·States who·wcrc desirous of ascertaining whcthc; asbestos dust was an occupational hazard in their cstablisl1mcnts and, if so, what was the nature of this hazard and what 11 • should be done to prevent or control it. were, �-26- The investigation 1931, but was conducted was not publ~shed during until four the period years ·ending in January later. "X-ray films were made of 126 persons (108 men, 18 women) working in asbestos plants in the United States. All but five of these were given physical examination. The cases were selected more or less at random from among those having more than 3 years of employment in the industry .... " No further more the or clarification less at selection to draw was given random." process inferences industry-wide Thus, remains on the from this on the the asbestos obscure, health meaning and status of of "selected industry's it is the not role in possible workers report. "The (X-ray) films were read conservatively, taking into account the physica] examination and the age of the individual, and were classed as positive only when there was rto major disagreement (among the examiners of the X-rays) II "The films classified were further subdivided negative." ·They went on to say without as negative for into doubtful asbestosis and elaboration, "Only time can tell whether the individuals classed as doubtful are progressing toward a definite asbestosis." This and others. the English cited last remark Though.allusion medical was Cooke's The authors tosis laltcr were being disregards broken the the is journals," 1927 went say first extensive to only on his to down into more the paper en made extensive "several British historic that the stage work articles paper in a~tually case. definite and development of Merewether cases second stage, of disease. the of asbes·the �..., ... \ "Of the total of 126 X-ray examinations, 4 were diagnosed as second degree asbestosis, 63 as first degree, 39 as doubtful, and 20 as negative." , In other words, conservative reading had some X-ray had no signs classified of 53 percent of signs of and the the asbestosis workers X-rays, of disease by X-ray cough of and another "doubtful" Only Most and by a 31 percent ("doubtful"). on X-ray._ as had asbestosis of the "negative" 16 percent persons complained dy~pnea. "Of the 64 persons given physical examination and diagnosed as having positive asbestosis, only 8 were entirely free from symptoms, while 10 out of 37 with doubtful and 7 out of 20 with negative diagnoses were free from symptoms." Referring to those who complained of should not in American threat Dr. examination, authors Pancoast at consulted by the pretation of the of offered the University that, symptoms." in the asbestosis cases disability." fibrosis one much emphasis noted of these The by many authorities, of Pennsylvania, had Life investigators in even the been inter- films. study no data following of by X-ray .of widespread "marked discussed; Metropolitan The Met Life and maturation "too subjective finding had "negative" s2.id, by noting none was not X-ray of their workers as authors on statements of progressive previous classified the minimized asbestos for were symptoms, be placed The authors selected that of ignored its the own to fine support statistics the of Merewelher emphasized part statement: ''[W)e are not justified in assuming that because available inform.:1tion sugqcsts that asbestosis 1s .1 mj J <lcr dTscc1sc than sj l ico~ the threshold of pc!rinissiblc dust counts is higher." (Emphasis added.) �The· authors did not recommend be regulated and did in The insurance England. that asbestosis years before had in cordial the chapter been 1960's, said the 1963 that should were in neglected effect to mention disease several this: Met Life study, industry until asbestos his on asbestosis regulations so far does not warrant a standard of dustiness the and industry a~compensable They with asbestos officials declared who directed relations early that company experience to define dust." Lanza, the mention England. "(T]he attempt asbestos A. J. not that book, an for maintained he died The Pneumoconioses, was contributed in has by K. Smith, a Medical 36 Director of terminal a~bestosis ment the Johns-Manville was referred_to "respiratory embarrass- • result of this out companies findings of the hazards extensive To the best study regulations in well of was·never the asbestos aware of moreover, civil suits beginning to bubble the very the seriously 11 seems s~riousness and forth. the asbestos a preliminary face too of compensation saying is extensive study, if absenr.e of uuthors' th~ problem the cases were way." it recommendaof dust I think hazards was "[a] now under th2 mild. Even The paper the the published report, Given and industry. industry more was the company worrisome. compensation, plants the in published. industry report insurance the .asbestos anc. workers' "that control as of my knowledge, was completed, tion authors this to downplay to workers were that the an attempt findings by the clear between in report's presented more to make collaboration asbestos were as book 11 I point so, In Lanza's Corporation. in the authors the industry; already �-29- In began 1934 the a study of plants of were sampled asbestos had that of workers health 37 "moderate," published four workers in to the Pennsylvania asbestos fabricating processes. Of 57 asbestosis, and jobs. extensive cases were 20, 1935, contained of· which dealt. 3 more ~f asbestosis dustiest be.more cases of concentrati6ns The asbestosis all in (25%) had no "advanced" almost Industry The proportion tended September entries, dust 14 asbestosis. d~stieit-3~bi. and industrial examined, likewise Labor Airborne various among the asbestosis and the the workers "doubtful" the of state. for was highest i~ Department cases The degree among the were classed found. of workers as ''slight" The report, a bibliography specifically with 125 with asbestosis. On May 23, v. Carolina 1934i Asbestos the Co.) Supreme Court decided that of North Carolina (McNeely asbestosis "contracted unexpectedly Rnd gradually during many months of exposure, if due to the cmploier's failure to provide means of prevention, is an injury 'by accident' and, as such, wus compensable under the Workmen's Compensation Act as it then rcc:.d--which decision injected elements of undcrtainty into th,:; law that render~d the hazards of: occupational diseases, particularly of silicosis and asbestosis, often uninsurable at practicable rates." 38 The McNeely the North effective to for Carolina March compensate decision all serious case led to the ivorkmen's 26, for rendered classifications occupational 1935, or rates with disease of provisions Compensation which silicosis ''the addition Act, ''specially regulate in asbestosis, hazards," the liability The McNeely asbestosis." then to effect grossly inadeq~ate silicosis, according and other to F. R. Jones, �General·Manager the Association of • 38 in New York. "Manual rates" Executives nearly for doubled, asbestos going goods fr;m $2.86 to Casualty for $5.48 and Surety workmen's per compensation $100 payroll for manufacturing. Jones' April, compensation rates 1936, article also in Massachusetts, discussed where workmen's the first U.S. disability 3.5 claim for work;.1en' s compensation was filed in 1927: "The stock company rates for [the asbestos industry] vary from 7 1/2% to 10%, where strict precautions are taken, with a special rate of 12.5i for the making or repairing of asbestos mattresses." were 1, In .New York, two categories established, with The 1935. York rating for plan North insurance moulded \verc asbestos rates for Occupational was more Disease expensive Carolina. For non-moulded cost per $100 $6.95 asbestos asbestosis Carolina "Dust separate of goods element asbestos recognized of workmen's goods as the in effective for products, compared to New .York and compensation September the New even insurance plan asbestosis $3.47 $2.98 insurance But by the manufacturing corresponding asbestos manufacturing. insufficient each, Coverage" than payroll, production products these for for in North high companies: "High though thes8 rates may serm, their adequacy under the present r-;c.:w Y(Jr k la·.-.', is generally doubted, with the consequence that t~c private insurance carriers ~re rejecting many risks, whereas the State Fund (which is n~t bound by manual rates) is exacting yet higher charges, especially for risks rejected by the companies." The asbestos companies occupational disease were insurance c~early to aware their of the threat profitability. "As a consequence of these very high rates, and the inability of some industries to get any kind of insur,1nce at a price lhat permits cont inu ..mce of opcr.:i tions, mc1ny cs tablishmen ts the of rates �• -31- are laying off workmen and either closing down or sending their hazardous work out of the state and an insistent demand has arisen for drastic a~e~dme~t or the law in so far as it relates to silicosis and other dust diseases." . 1935, D. S. Egbert of the Yale University Medical School 39 a fatal case of asbestosis • a 30 -year-o ld man .. The in . In reported author noted, "That the asbestos industry is growing rapidly and ~hat, as a result, pulmonary asbestosis will continue to become more important is seen from the fact that total world production of asbestos has increased from 96,490 tons from 1910 to 434,938 tons in 1929." He included a table, asbestosis," exposed pal 9, in before findings 12, Dr. 15, Egbert In ville, meeting "Summary which onset were 24, the of symptoms, 28 months for fatal age total Total of the time time of some of cases of victim, time exposed, and exposure the pulmonary princi- was only cases which listed. 1935, North of Donnelly Carolina, the of the Mecklenburg presented Industrial Hygiene Health Association in Milwaukee. 40 year. Donnelly's opcnir.3 remarks health reported reference, recorded. and of implications. of the rapidly another Section It Sanatorium paper of at the in an annual American was published called rising attention demand Hunters- the t0 for the Public following public asbestos products: "That the serious industrial hazard of this type of work has not previously received sufficient attention is becoming more apparent. The manufacture of asbestos.products has increased more. than four-fold in the last 20 years, and hence, because of the greater number of workers exposed, and the more frequent recognition as a pathological entity of the resulting pulmonary condition, the subject of asbestosis hns rapidly assumed greater ~nportancc." �-32- \ He doubted that the completely protect controls against then in use asbestosis, would noting that he was still ~ finding fatal cases installation of of asbestosi•s protective fr_?m one plant devices in 1916 in in that spite of the plant. "It is indicated that the owners of asbestos plants, and the workers themselves, are beginning to realize that exposu~e to asbestos dust is a serious occupational hazard, and it also is apparent that these workers must be protected against the hazard as effectively as is possible. That this protection can be made complete seems very doubtful. It seems to be the opinion of engineers that the most effective types of suction appar~tus now in use will remove a maximum of not over 90 per cent of the dust, but the remaining 10 per cent may be definitely injurious. In 1916 protective devices of the suction type were placed in a certain asbestos mill, and yet 15 years later cases of asbestosis with fatal termination were reported among workers from this plant. Since the most efficient type of protective machinery known apparently does not completely protect, although the number.of workers affected is probably somewhat reduced, and the time required for the production of an advanced type of disease is probably lengthened, the problem becomes a matter for serious consideration." Introducing his own data, he said, "I have seen no statistics in the literature in regard to the incidence of as02stosis among the workers in the industry. It would seem to he a matter of some importance to determine the average number of ~nployees who m:1y be now, or \•1ho are likely to become, disabled by the condition." Donnelly examined the X-ray definite evidence of asbestosis asbestosis, years worked several 48 had worked or more, for less cases 3 had worked than in which four films in of i~ the for years 151 workers (34.4~). 52 asbestos four in Lhe asbestosis to the and.found Of those industry five years, industry. had progressed for with five and 1 had ' Donnelly reported after the �cessation of qccupational important fact which exposure was first to noted asbestos, confirming this by Sparks: ·"One of the most important problems in the consideration of pulmonary asbestosis is whether or not the disease is progressive, even after an individual-handicapped by it ceases to ~ork in the industry.· Information on this question is of considerable moment in rating the eventual degree of disability of a worker, either in the assessment of damages in civil suits or in claims under State Compensation Laws." He noted that precludes shortness any form of breath, of muscular in the more advanced cases, exertion: "[T]he victim of asbestosis, as a rule eventually becomes totally disabled from engaging in any form of labor." His closing controls mills, of such paragraph be installed and he warned controls and claims for would was a plea by the that "in that owners the be c'heaper the of final than the best asbestos check the available up" -numerous dust textile the installation damage compensation: "An i1_1dust:rial worker is entitled to every protection th2t may safeguard his h0.alth, so thut he may earn a livelihood for himself and family for at least a reasonable period of years in the work in which he is most ~killed. If he is prevented from continuing in such v:ork because 0£ imp.:iirment of heal th through no fault of his own, he is entitled to so~e remuneration for his loss of earning power. That protection of asbGstos workers has b2cn woefully lacl~ing in the pa.st has . been def ini lcly shm-m. It is imper ct tive t:ha t such protection, as nearly complete as possible, b~ provi~cd by_mill owners.· Efficient protective devices will be far less expensive in the final check up than the aggregate of numerous claims for compensation and frequent damage suits. That complete protection can be afforded, by the device~ in use at the present time seems to be somewhat doubtful, but workers are entitled to the highest type of protection which the engineers familiar with the hazard can provide." suits �In the same Toxicology, S.B. issue of the ~cPheeters the clinical examination 41 • work. None of the workers Journul of of of Industrial Charlotte, North 210 asbestos had been ·Hygiene Carolina, textile e~Eosed for workers more than and =eported seen 20 years. "[O]f 9 persons exposed for· more than 15 years to dust concentrations effective in producing disease, four, 44 percent, escaped asbestosis; of 32 persons exposed for more than 10 years to similar concentrations, fourteen, 43 percent, escaped; of 70 persons so exposed for more than 5 years forty-five, 64 percent, escaped, and of 28 persons exposed for more than 2 years and less than 5, twenty four, 85 percent, escaped." McPheeters to not~d asbestosis responses work that appeared to force: exposure He as Mere0ether individual differences considerable, to various recognized judging amounts the in limitations susceptibility from of dust of the seen his different in study, had: "·To make a scientific appraisal of the effect on the employees in this plant of exposure to asbestos dust, it is necessary to know how many employees during the 15 to 20 years covered in the study have died or quit and how many of these had asbestosis. This knowledge is not available. Certainly il might add greatly to the gravity of the picture. The P"tost that could be done was to note 'the cf f cc t on those now present in the plant, after v~ryipg periods of exposure." In his opening paragrapt1, the author said: "While it employs a relatively small number of persons, the asbeslos industry has ha<1. a remar}~ubly rapid ex pans ion ancl by reason of the widesprcnd <lnd varied uses of its products which include 'matches, filter pads, p~ints, roofing, high-pressure iointinq, electrodes, brake linings, clutch rings and insulating material in a. grcut variet~,,' the industry occupies an important, increasing, and permanent place in our economic establishment." this just at on �... Soon after J. R. Shull McPheete=s' published paper another was released, report from the r~diologist 42 same city: the "During the latter part of 1934 it was my privilege to examine the chests of 71 of 100 workers who had been dismissetl from local asbestos plants. All had undergone physical examination before they weie referred for roentgenologic study and we+e found to be physically disabled ... "The average of exposure These 71 cases moderately year of asbestosis advanced re-examined after the fibrosis advanced cases, the occurred severe unchanged these and people improved were would improvement among during previous literature. primarily some of Cilrolina r \ - r• t 1t • ) those the •; / between and showed were examinations, disease" disease commonly that emphasized 3 that progression of in the remained milder cases, exposure. conclusion Of 7 results condition conditions increased 1 showed to verify a had died cases, the (16), once Longer any term lasting seen to in light have of the "asbestosis the least is worri- findings. ·mentioned o • year the more in asbestos necessary Shull's legislature ~• frequently whose a progressive his Shull been the than improved. observation, groups, conversely, from of His of three more 1 had spread improved. all removed hove improved not and and one 3 showed advanced· period in cases; or follow-up 5 had post-exposure disease more Of 9 slightly fibrosis a short no change, more time cases, advanced (20). a little by which 2 showed slightly advanced advanced 1 showed as patients examination, showed _improvement. over his Of 5 markedly moderately classed and markediy 21 of first on·x~ray, increased were (35), Shull of asbestosis. age was 34.4 years and the time varied from 16 months to 21 years." • 1 (1 : I • , • 1 ' • , • the McNeely had recognized case and the asbestosis fact as that the North a compensable �Jhe U.S. ·Public and compensation engineering asbestos IIealth authorities and medical textile as more concise form In all, 242 dust and all a Public particles in the observed was 74.3 Carolina the conditions were employed air were per cubic in were Journal made health state's not (mppcf), in Health for that Health Service 43,4~ 1939. time, asbestos concentration and the maximum mppcf. "Medical examinations were made of 541 men and women representing practically all of the employees at the time of the study ... 'J:bc three factories studied had been in operation from 6 to 16 years. About 15 months.before the study, approximately 150 workers were replaced by new ones with little or no asbestos experience. As a consequence, there was an abnormally large percentage of workers with less than 5 years' c-r!lploynent in the asbestos textile industri and an abnormally small percentage who had worked 10 years or more in the industry." The Public in workers' just dust in and Public methods airborne foot 1938, to measure counted, the published of standard of by the to make an in August, American of measurement particles North Bulletin counts the of was requested The results Health in The unit was 1 million value study The counts fibers. in industry. detail exposure. Service reported, "The percentage of persons with asbestosis increases greatly with increasing length of employment . lld lmos t three fourths of t.lv~ wor~-:crs employed for more thc::n 15 years have the early stages, at le~fit, of a disabling dj sc-asc, asbestosis. Since there j s no szi.tisfactory way of locating and c~Qmining p~rsons who drop out. of an industry bccau~~e of di~;abili l:y incurred therein, the porcc11 tage VQlues of the foregoing tables are necessarily minimal evidence of the prevalence of asbestosis." �" ... 16.3 workers [who women employed three asbestos ·(Persons who quantities of included.)" (The non-exposed non-production percent of the 69 former asbestos had been traced] and 378 men and at the time of the study in textile factories had asbestosis. were not exposed to appreciable asbestos dust have not been persons may have been office workers and other personnel.) "Eight percent of the 378 workers employed at the time of the study had asbestosis. This does not co~pletely represent the incidence of asbestosis because about 150 employees were discharged from these factories 15 months before the present study was made. Many of the discharged workers had asbestosis, as the reports of Shull, Donnelly, and McPheeters show. Although an attempt was made to examine as many as possible of these discharged cases, only 69 could be examined, 43 persons of whom had asbestosis according to the diagnostic standards employed in this study." The investigators of asbestosis among observation." in the fired by the Service, by the conducted and mill its By firing the data least base any good th~ to study levels the In other factories Health went dusty the recently words, time owners estimate that discharged there they an estimated 30 cases inspected 93 more shortly workers were were another before had of Public "escaped asbestosis by the asbestotics the 50 cases Public had been Health Service survey. employees with proces3es, Public who were data considered 5 mppcf long-term the Ilcalth dose-response under on to for exposure, companies Service wiped needed on asbestosis. at over risk especially out in·ordcr Only of most disease 10 years. "None of the 39 persons exposed to dust .concentrations below 2.5 million p~rticles per cubic foot had a cuse of asbestosis, althuugh, as a matter of filct, only 6 persons had been employed more than 5 years." of in the to develop 5 workers had been in exposed �There were found among the the 3 "doubtful" pauci~y than exposure workers of data 5 mppcf, of recognized 5 mppcf cited of 1935 asbestosis dust and the asbest6sis 4. 9 mppcf. with exposed value asbestos for This for the value next that available study with to less dust stood as the 30 years. assigned would process that the no safe ·Despite among workers a limit· Pennsylvania found of investigators-were prescribing increases that U.S. Service attainable the risk 2. 5 to was designated. in of to cases threshold Health task demonstrably exposed a tentative The Public borderline on the standard difficult or the be safe and controls. showed that concentration They incidence of airborne threshold: "Ih their report of a similar study carried on in Pennsylvania asbestos textile factories, Fulton, Dooley, Matthews, and Houtz found that 8 pe~cent of the workers exposed to an average dust concentration of 5 million particles per cubic foot had asbestosis; 22 percent of the 17-million particle group; and 57 percent of the 44 million particle group had asbestosis." The conflict threshold between set resolved in by the the could be achieved, except "picking" in the was also used in that for most of were and c1t one by no means findings and the 5 mppcf Service study was not 5 mppcf limit was s report. in of the fact was being oft.he North (The use of described.) plant the 1 Health feature study. machine Pennsylvania Public Service One attractive mills the get dust the plant. processes in large, handling Carolin.:1 pitchforks However, couJ.<l not achieved air feed exhaust concentrations The exhaust flows of only it every asbestos to the in that process textile the picker equipment below fan 2 mppcf fl0w 625-2570 rates cubic �-39feet of per local 15,120 minute (CFM). exhaust system fans starts at 45 CF~. A 2520 CFM'fan would have 2 horsepower. The use process enclosures textile mill Public Health the need were for asbestosis were . cite dust it . of They silicotics. about only to not Health and applied in on the both silicotics, one better by this but the its about own study. progressive Merewether Service than of conclusions justify that remarked fans draw showing about rating feasible, though The Public employment a power literature was disregarded, British statistics '2$" nearly ;t$ years earlier duration did and American referenced up to voluntarily was unwilling on design 2520 CFM and goes technologically ~ontrols table high-powered been the died of had clearly Service . of more than The British of A 1948 manufacturer's and Donnelly investigators asbestotics after third as long nature did generally an average as that that: "more than 90 percent of the raw material used in the manufacture of asb~stos textiles in this country and Great Brit~in is Canadian chrysotile, indicating that very little difference is to be expected from the standpoint of biological reaction in the two countries. As near as dust concentrRtions in the various operations of asbestos nw.nufo.cture of British practice CQn be comp~red ~ith results obtained in this country, no. greater differences are found than exist in the inherent limitations of the dust-sampling devices. It woi.lld seem, therefore, that quite ncqligiblL2 dif fcrences exist in the nwnifcstations of the disease. here c:i.nd abroad with the possible cxcc~tion 11 of associc:i.ted or complicating tubcrculo"sis. Nonetheless, solely the on its Public own health Health and Service engineering proposed a standard study: "Because of the ·importance of the problem, it seems to be desirable to use such data as arc at hnnd to define tentative safe \mrkinsJ conditions that may serve as standards for the guidance of filctory managers nnd cngjnccrs until more complete data are availalJJ.c ... based �-4U- "Because clean-cut cases of asbestosis were found only in dust concentrations exceeding 5 million particles per cubic foot, and because they wer~ not found atrlower dust concentrations, 5 million particles per cubic foot may be regarded tentatively as the threshold va}ue for asbestos dust exposure until better data are available. In order to find out the levels to which asbestos dust concentrations have been reduced in practice, an engineering study was made in an asbestos textile factory·in which dust control equipm~nt has been recently installed. This shows that means are already available for reducing the dust exposure of a majority of asbestos tex•tile workers to less than 5 million particles per cubic foot." The investigators of asbestosis workplace would air 5 mppcf as available were kept to protect for workers no new cases dust 5 mppcf--and that concentrations followed could in by describing be achieved with control. Service study had failed to develop ' • a threshold exposure level establishing from that asbestos threshold'' Health basis if below of dust The Public optimistic appear a "tentative methods technical were the asbestosis: "Ideally, a threshold concentration of dust should be the highest dust concentration that would not produce pneumoconiosis in originally healthy workmen during their entire working life." Unfortunately, to the would determination protect Worldwide sales tons in consuming 1968 In of again.st 492,000 reported nothing per 1949, of was published a thrE'shold asbestosis-asbestos year to about Wyers, on 115 fatal fo:r: fiber from 3,315,301 tons 25 percent medical cases for of after worker the per asbe·stcsis. that 8Xposure next led that 30 yc·ars. 1918-1968 of world director 1938 year, output. rose from with the 46,47 of the Cape Asbestos 48 The average age U.S. company, at death �-41- was 40.8 years, years. and The author work with factories effect in the average said that asbestos after imposed by the the duration exposure was 10.4 a few oE-these persons had begun implementation of dust controls Asbestos of Industry Regulations in took 1931. "The reduction in the intensity of the dust cloud seems to be producing a more chronic 1 type of disease. Merewether s investigation of 1929 indicated a period of seven years• exposure for the disease to develop, whereas this series, which commenced in 1931, indicates that an exposure of ten years is necessary." The progressive the long 9.8 years development pos~-employment on the of stirvival asbestosis of the is women in evident this from series, average: "No doubt many women ceased v:ork to ma!'."ry and symptoms of asbestosis did not appear until some time later." The author women's deaths pointed in out that asbestosis was crucial in causing childbirth: "Pregnancy Kas associated.with the deaths of two ~-mrncn suffering from asbestosis. 'l'hc disease does not seem to be adversely affected by pregnancy, but the strain of labour may tip the balance in favor of right 11 heart fctilurc. _In 1968, data on 290 men at by the ba~ed the fa~tory (as it Biitish work owners. hdd been Occupational in an asbestos As a result, in the U.S.) Hygiene Society factory, data a riew standard on a study with evaluated p~bvided was set, a "note- �-42·worthy ... preponderance 20 years." of The stan~ard \ individuals required employed no application less of controls for exposures below 2 fibers per cubic centimeter 49,50 air. For asbestos textile plants, this reduction 51 mppcf) was about 15-fold. The British Occupational Society predicted asbestosis would exposure work, that of the be less risk th~n 100 fiber-years/cc 4 f/cc for etc). per However, the same factory where the Society the new standard was based showed did signs the of lifetime 50 years workers of in research a greater 5 Hygiene cc for their of (from a cumulative (2 fibers 25 years, (cc) of having-earliest 1% for than on which prevalence of X-ray r· L, " :.> abnormalities four The debate dust years over concentration is ·still going Service recommended protect safe 11 will Institute the of 0.1 even f/cc 0.1 is f/cc know1~. However, about the 1976, evidence the f/cc risk the Whether is Health said of and Health) would asbestos" asbeslos-i.nc1uced plants, and not .! t. effects of asbestosis Safety - ... which asbestos from Public Occupationul 300-fold. of asbestos of airborne a worker non-carcinogenic !':·,,.-,lt.erially reduce" the 50 cancer. For asbestos textile 0.1 protect for and £0 threshold" In December, on. a standard against 11 the that (National later. develop continuing reduction ~orkers can asbestosis to unfold: "In a study of 232 former insulation plant employees, Selikoff (1976) reported positive X-ray findings among individuals having exposures to asbestos known to be as short as one day." 50 from 5 mppcf tolerate is hot yet �-43There were War II about showed that although the the 1) what less from insulators' latter fact In that exposure these true as First, 51 of did but had not men had years, and these three, the to work in the of accurately. pneumoconiosis. of h.::i.d \\·orked Navy yard. Symptoms in in cases is of where whose be some- of death on resulting (Indeed, this today.) X-rays 5 mppcf in dustiest old job tion &n asbestos the for authors shortn8ss the X-ray shows methods. all in more ship only than at pipe cov~ring ucforc that 10 Of ignored coming the a complete to diagnose and some measure- identified. fu.ctcry cough of Second, 30 years iDvestigators necessary of work were in its insulation. 22 and Third, in most was exceeded asbestosis for of of 1,074 men who 52 Navy yards. They also found insuJ.a many.previous examination pronounced doing onset workplaces cancer. deficiencies of asbestosis, to their workers level removal 3 c~ses is that the the studies workers, cause was below two had worked other experience clinical only major These appears in dust monitor been decades, took s~veral of World from insulation hazards in dying years asbestos after work. still of the coverers work--the the 3) all asbestos study they insulation pipe tasks, This are particles Navy doctors to work0rs' ments. of dust for U.S. insulation much for and published within·20 occupational 1945 working very basis; is were of 2) exposure 5 mppcf average interest workers occurs changed than of risk exposure; not a daily and rarely workers' has asbestosis insulaEion death work a few papers asbestosis of little breath sign may be of �-44- The main shortcoming had been . exposed long Only 125 workers had ing industry; only Yet, in spite lous statistic of the study was .enough for cases of that for 5 to·l0 years had been exposed for these limitations, concluded the that the very few.workers asbestosis worked 176 and of in the 5 or authors pipe more cover- years. cited trade·was "mature. to a ridicu- safe: "The incidence of asbestosis among pipe covercrs in the shipyards studied was low, 0.29 percent oi 3 cases out of 1074 . "Since each of the 3 cases of asbestosis had worked at asbestos pipe covering in shipyards for more than 20 years, it may be concluded that such pipe covering is not a dangerous occupation." These authors' suggested by their ignorance by their brief references--a lack of the book In Denmark, literature discussion bibliography, and a Navy manual approached of which by Lanza, on ships the and the insulation a university clinic on asbestosis of asbestosis contained Public per only Health is se and three Service study, planes. workers' for union of occupational Copenhagen diseases for Workers with a . 53 ~linical leis study than of 20 years the health experience of union were not members. even includ2d "After cons1.1ll:ation with the union ufficials, we began examinations in 1953 by sclcctiPg workers v,ho had been in the tr.:icle for twenty years or more ... The average age of ranging from 41 to the 70; subjects was 52 years, the period of exposure for study: n �-45- averaged 27 years, ranging from 20 to 45 years. Six of them complained of shortness of breath, which they considered abnormal for their age. All of them were working full time." The researchers, signs of pulmonary ·associated with Some workers' in 9 of found the "definite 31 workers, usually abnormalities. less than 19 cases abnormalities pleura were found. These changes from obliterated sinuses and pleural to extensive thickening of the with calcifica~ion chest there radiologists, asbestosis" pleural "In no of the ranged adhesions pleura that who were x-rays was no way to were get so whited-out a look at by pleural the condition calcification of the men's In a few cases the abnormalities of the pleura were so widespread that no definite diagnosis could be made regarding the conditions of the lungs." The authors judging for considered the asbestosis among In their report of In introduction, asbestosis 1964, insulator at pleural Marr damage these they in Lon~J Beach referred sign to a 1950 Danish case asbestosis in worker. a fatal Naval be a reliable insulators. an insulation reported to case Shipyard of who ht1(1 had an 10 years' 54 ~mployment as insulation material the zame" since Sclikoff of the a pipccoverer and force insulator. work method.3 had Marr noted "remained that ship essentially 1945. and co-workers cause-specific The work and studied reported ·mortality was the of in dsbestos membership 1964 a follow-up study insulation workers. of New York and New 55 lunc;s. �-46- Jersey insulation in United the insulators workers' States. The employed joined the union unions, as of between that among 392 workers very large majority In general, severe until 20 years among the investigators December 1942 with more traced -. 31, and the oldest 1942, than unions a group and end of such others 1962. 20 years' of who They observed exposure, "the 3 after work. By 1962, years of McVittie tosi~ recognized Medical the that in Great insulating the of had start group not and 1963 were who entered had some of developed appear asbestos 20 or more 12 died of these would cancer. of the cases by the Pneurnoconiosis 13 workers. "Two of insulation in not their who had and they asbestosis." did of Of these, 41 percent 1955 pulmonary asbestosis cancer, Britain workers the died. asbestosis between Panels in 95 died reported of after wo=k had of of symptoms 255 workers 4ied evidence or more Another later x~ray clinical insulation asbestosis. have had 1956 had only of asbes- four years exposure." In 1968, by the cases Harrj_es Pneumoconio.sis included recognized Electrical Engine the on.new from asbestosis Devenport following worters": Rivetter Shipwright Engineer. Shotblaster Iron Stoker Joiner Caulker cases certified 56 Dockyard. 'l'bese occupations Plumber Fitter Fitter Panel men from asbestos Boilermuker reported Welder "who are NOT �-47- A~cording to output soared "magic ~ineral" Bureau of Mines. Part 2. to 5,708,000 has 58 the made by the the in 1933. of the with industrial a spinner there Gloyne' for since, <leatl1. The other both fiber the· 2000 by the with U.S. asbestosis He wrote in 11 the of the s cases pleural had 17 years woman died These patients, lung ''in from at the lung not 71, but were with lung the asbes- cancer he "make out t-i.\·o diseases." worked onset with of asbestos exposure after not of departments recognized at for until periods ancl opening discovered a \·iOman who had worked 15 years ,-·ere possi- though of old cancer the to t}-iesc in pleural ev.id2nce rna~tress car.ccrs and cancer cancer, were length He suggested was a 3 5·· yearand at asbestosis, asbestosis. associution expo~ure factory. cases, of \•,as insufficient making 13 months' of cancer lungs case to 8 years 9 years lives and origin an aetiological One of of Gloyne. pleura unrelated case the year he reported 2 cases of 59 asbestosis. He considered that for reports published realized the the In 1935 worl~ers bility of in pathologist, first 26 a c9mplication and worldwide asbestos 57 1976. A scarcity of forecast·by earliest to the female .as tons been British damage reported tosis estimates, Cancer. Two of of industry :topsy. ,.. during For 6 �\ "The growth was in which the asbestosis This was particularly Case 2." Gloyne could suspected that precipitate a portion of lung in was fairly advanced. clearly marked in• even death small in lung tumors .. in non-vital places asbestosis: "At this point an interesting question arises. The asbestosis, though fairly advanced, was not sufficiently advanced to cause death. The neoplasms were small and had involved no vital parts. Indeed, compared with the squamous carcinoma of the lung in general, as it reaches the post mortem room, the growths were unusually small. A tentative suggestion may be made that in asbestosis a small tumour turns the scale, just as bronchitis with early brochopneumonia will do, probably as a result of toxaemia. " * Also the in first· 1935, c9-se of Lynch and asbestos"is Smith lung of South cancer Carolina in the published American litera- 60 ture .. Lung occurrence cancer of even was an uncommon one case of discase·in asbestosii 1935, with and the lung cancer was noteworthy: "J~s worthy of record in ·the interest of both disease, as well as their possible relationship, the following case of pulmonary asbestosis with associated carcinoma of the lung is reported." The man had toward the worked end 'l'he after there of in an asbestos which i'lllthors was fibrosis 11 1\. conception by r~2:::on of is co,,1patiblc the *toxemia etiolo<Jy time textile mill he developed that not.ec1 of the of (the chronic the tumor's) bronchio.l with the current of such tumors." 21 years, cancer. cancer lung. for They h.::.d clev~loped concluded,. ori0in irritation view of , - entry lnlo, and pcr~istcnce in, the bloodstream bacterial toxin:; absorbed from c1. local lesipn, which these pc.,isons urc borne by the circulation all parts of the body. of from to �\ -49- The recently state de3cribcd prominenr.e from of medical by Dr. his knowlc~ge as Irving Selikoff, •• on asbestos research of 1935 who has was achieved 61 · diseases. "Thus, by 1935, the main directions of the problcP1 t·:ere known. Chrysot.ile asbestos, virtually the only fiber then used, could produce wide-sµrend disease, this disGase could be fatul ~nd malignancy might be a result of exposure." In bcstosis cell 1936, Dr. Gloyne reported _another 62 cancer.. His first two cases had lung tumors, in the that lower the cases is this one lobe of more had the extensive likc~ise an oat cell It lung. fibrosis found in The occuoational had tu~or. The was well known of the case the lower lungs in as- of squamous tumor was by 1936 asbestosis lobes. w~s presented: history "[Tlie p:i.t:.j cnt} an a~;bestc.)s bc~1c1n ,·:01~:-- :1.c; a p.:1cl~er ,-..,cJr}~sin l '~)2..' c1:"":~ r1onths ldter was ::•:,).~101:.::d i11 eiqhtecn to be u. f orcrnan mcnt." 'l'he rn.::.n died 21 ycc.:,rs L9l;crt Medi cine •in c1£ter zinothcr s tor.v ~-~2-r.lir,9 ancl Geiger publ i:~hed the .:l :; dc;:,art.- in t:.Ji:}: t the report 'J'hc p.:tt.icnl asb12sto3 University Ya.le cas0. the:: of n:;ber~tosis School with 63 c~rncer in July as a weaver in an to leu.ve lung back, his ·he died job 193G. a:,be:stos fc1ctory when he developed shortly aflcrward for a 1a,:rn t,•ho worked ,1c1s 18 years. a disabling with lung cancer. He had pain in his of �-50- The authors concluc1cd: "That the irritating effects of the illhu.le<l asbestos oc1rticJ:es m=1y in this case have been a significant factor concerned in the <lcvelop~cnt of the primnry lung cancer seems sufficiently plausible to be worthy.of consideration." The of asbestosis authors with 1935 reports of paper was submitted In entitled, reported lung for old with they Occupational of in Germany Cancer lung of cancer a SS year old 1nan. t•:orkcrs. Nortlmann literature ~n<l wa3 the to first us D.n occupational He occup~tional dying cases with seen the at the time their .ill so published asbestosis, disec1se lung cumulative cancer asbestos 1.cr U1Q spec 3 of the G asbestosis to the usual looked a two were the among He in These that 64 Workers." revic•.-1cd propose a paper j f ic s iqn~; cancer. Nordmann cancer report not Asbestos with textile of 1933 had asbestosis asbestos be recognized Gloyne's publication. Nordmann woman and to carcinoma; cancer 2 new cases 35 year referred pleural 1938, "1'he also were lung noted young cancer that compared (two were 35 ~n<l one age W<lS lung of ~l). people In the �_;51- olde~ at cases, an older time of entry age. elapsed lung the than In the 5 of of cancer the was usually in -- the the lungs exposure to one in the of was pn.thology There and of were freq~cnt seen in Fir1c1lly, Gloync's report 12 autopsied knew of ·1ung of cases 12 autopsied than the of 2 (17i;:;) had cases of in the population rnultifocal primary that the malignancy occupational tumors was different in squamous the the ponulation. cell carcinomas the most frequent Cc'..rcino:-:1.<1. th2 ~sbcstosis, lung in from the i•:;1ile cell of of one N0rd1:1ann c1ssc:nblcJ 100 cases 21. general of seen round time lobes. asbestosis, \•1c::.s the the cause. usually \d.th was developed suggested also findings 9cneral no more appearance cancer adenoc ..:ircinornas type the patients lung until than also cases work finding of more a carcinogen asbestosis in upper person all tumors frequent The microscopic group the whereas development of and 6 cases, had occurred for asbestos 15 years lungs, industry finding of The relatively cancers asbestos start no less lobes the A consistent from death: lower jnto ~;c2.nt autopsy he noted cancer. In asbesto~ics, and few reported cnscs that Germany, 2 of of he these also cancer. Though nutopsy of ther2 un .:::isbcstosis were patient harl h:c:en done in which an o.nd dctermina- haC �tion of the presenc~ considered view of asbestos that fibrotic of cancc~ made, carctnogcn. changes of Nordmann He favored asbestosis preceded still the development cancer. by Nordmann, dence the sufficient tion between nition of B~ader readily lung cancer cause lung c1sbestosi::;. been asbestosis cancer than to asbestos it). to carriers and co1npensatcd the tJ-.e more that to enough die light in the recog- 1939 that the provide for 66 However, Germany asbestosis had with fatal di sc,1sc. Gcrrn~n govcrn~2nt produce likely from • is who had not asbestosis to recognized .:.in nl ti!:1atGlv· inference woJ~kers asbestos cancer. connec- disease. in March <lid not nnd lunq 1939 causal He urged wrote insurance the an occup~tional on compensation recognized exposed from Berlin in nut government enough in doubt cancer. as c:s an occup,;,.tional Thus, to lung disease (st2te)_ recognized beyond and Baader of the one of the cases reported 65 woman. He considered the evi- establish regulations said about 3 5- 1ear:- old secondary con~binatinn the wrote asbestosis the government also to E.W. die absence a proven Hornig to or develop that fatal th~ bcGn exposed had nonetheless lung German c.:!ncer . (and �-53- It bestosis found, can is al~o diminishes destroys one is noteworthy the to reserve the asbestos wrokers' life lessened by tw·o fatal bestosis and had chance in lung ~he general reported lung had Moreover, lung that occurred Senior a total in of necessary in 1939 lung Medical 12 cases 103 autopsiGd be as- in general than others cancer. Inspector of cases to diseases surgery if Thus, asbestotics cancer once lung. the 11 who developed the is was known as- asbestosis T~e that risks, of cancer, a ·cancerous "competing population lung upon. expectancy In England, tories of surviving existence that capacity removal cancer. of the opciated breathing survive less likel1hooq be successfully the that cancer with of of Facthe asbestosis on 67 record as of 19JP The reported (11.6~). year, sar·1e anoth0.r ic:ital Lynch case of The rr,,"1:1 and ash~~-; Sr;1ith of 1-.cs 1.•.1.i_ th i.s South Carolina J.ung cancer 68 in a 50-yec1r-old no definite cancer lung had with the .fccns l:h \•li cancer ·authors with at is, th.:it number noting Such of tllu. the people autopsy were~ cases: ,.,_;_ th as bes Los Jctermincc1. t Nordin.:1nn cons idcrQd 7 cases a 12 year '.-io::k h:: i-n:::iti"C!ly an occupational 2 of over h.:1-:1 L--"Jlln cc)ulri c1sbestosis aul:oµr;y ctsbcsto~;.i. s. total oris;in oi a sbcf;tos reported seen 11,2.n. of disease. lung per iocl v.rere very small The cancer in they people minority of �During the past twelve years in 2343 consccutiv0 nocropsies we have encountered 7 cases of primary lung carcinoma including . ~ the two asbestosis cases. An~ng these necropsics arc· 35 showing some degree of asb2stosis. In the majority this is a minor finding and not the cause of illness or death; in a few.the condition is advanced. Including all nccropsies and all lung cancer cases, the evidence of prim,:1ry pulr:10nary carcinoma in our necropsy service over this period is 0.3 percent .. Among the asbestosis cases incidence of lung carcinoma is approiimatcly G percent. The stituted higher of among \dth age 61 asbestosis who were 20 years. \-;1t-h was c~sP with 'J'h'O were lung the more .in \·.'ere the lung by of rate th,~ fact was cases of lung t]nt. (!t:t.:1ils no con- rate nu~ber high c.:1s(:s -i 0 figures cancer small 9ivi11y of 1:r-i:n1. l.C"d by occuLinzbach Gt~rmc1ny. 3 years known. cancer the strengthened lc.J.st ·.:it that an unusually cancer, a.lso for exposed other that of Jnl!~i 69 Jr;.-n, in conclude to finding h.is tori_,~:.:--;. \'icdlcr the evidence asbestosis asbcf_;tosi:_; and not asbestotics,_due Their pa t.i.on:il of did significant involved. cancer authors (35), the (2 casGs) Also were to a:.;bc~~tus. in 1941 reported in two No·dctails more Quebec, 50 and 57 and had eaqh worked with asbestos 71 In both cases from Canada, the authors cases in for of men over ' described the �..;55_ tumors as believed were pleura. the "epitheliorna pleuro-pulminaire", to have originated In both cases there in though the lungs~ was extensive they not the malignancy of pleura. In 1942, Allied Diseases the lengthy book was published in Occuµotional the United Tu~ors States and by Dr. 72 W. C. Hucpcr. 1925 IIueper By 1942, in Chicago. one of the cology had begun lec1ding range appraised the of l\merican authorities with substances evidence research on cancer he had established and carcinogenesis on a wide his of in on asbestosi:.=; himself studies industry. and lung indic,~tiun for ,:1 0;-c Hueper cancer c::-::.:cn,:ive po::: t. 1:iGJ-t€J7l. 0;-:;:1;r1i11t)t.iOiir~ i.l! c::~::.C:S 0~ cl~1 be>:=;l:::. ::;i::;; o.::.:pr~cially co1;::~i.dc:::.·i1;ci Liwt puJ.p,:·in;1ty 1~1:!ligncinci0:-:: scc·11 j_n pn·v5_,_,.,_,:.;J y :rc.'JJnr~:c:·j ci1.ses \·. 2rc~, .i;1 :.,;.-~:=\"(!l'"Z:l] j 1s:~.~r1c:2s, Vi: ;.-y :::'.1,12. 11 a.11d ,-.-c~1·c co i 11c ·i.c1c n t,i l u b~;e:rv <1t :i. on:-~. l scccmr1 p~)i nt f,:1"0.r i i1<J , 11 .i.n<1u::1J.~iJ.l ori.<J.i.n i::, Lile• youn~; d<J<-' of ;:in u.ppr·~~ci_;1blc porL:ion nf '..he~ c~,,;c::; t:;u~; far r(•c,,rd(:d, and the .?~cJ:.tion~;hi.:::i c,:-:.i.stinq· 1 bc.t ..·:r!Cr1 dusi..: and tJho the tl"w timr~ of manifest c c·n t i coni.; is 1 c;-:;::ios11ri:•to ;,~!.:-,..:~stos · at i.cn of ll!0 toxi- and books "l'.n ev2lluo. tion of the cv i6cnc2 prese:n tcd rcv0.al!-:· certain feature:::: connected ._,,,ith those cases, which .=-ire SU\.f'-Je·::-:tivo of c:in oc:cLira tioncJ 1 causation. TlY:re i~.; an incidence of lung cancer in asbestosis of the lunq 1-.:hich is deiini tely c:-:cc-ss.1.vc. The r c 1 .:i t iv c 1 y s rna 11 n mr 1_) er o .t n e c r o i., :_;i ,-::s on which Llli !3 cone lu s ion i~. ;1,1,;c,d .r ::-•;Jre~:;ents a11 urqc:it as on Gxperimental doze11s used in neoplasms th r C)ll u t th r c :::; _..r .i.t": s . 'l' 11c third factor ts in the- shift: of the histoloqical types observed ... anr1 in tho multicentric c:cvelopment of t,,:o (Nordmann; and Gloyne) c1nc1 pus.sibly even three (Lynch .::tnd Smith) of these pulmonury neoplasms. thusly: �-56- The rclCTtjvely smull number of asbestosis cafcinomas of the lung report~d does llot disprove cin occupational origin of this condition. Previous experience with other industrial neoplasms (lung cancer of the Jo~chimsthc1l miners; and lung Cilncer of the chrom~tc workers) has showr~ that such isolated cases muy represent the first warn~ng of~ subsequent appearance of large numbers of siwilar tumors of undeniable occupational derivution." pects of and He Hent on to to urge wide asbestos discuss nedico-legal ranging studies ~md social of the cancer asrisks worJ~: Asbet:tosi~~ carcinoma of the Jung is not included in any group of occupztional tumors recognized by any country. The evidence presented is s~ffj_cicntly serious, and the number of pcrs:-:m~.; c:-:poseci to the su,:;p.::cted cau s2 t.i vc a~rcn t L:,.rye enough to illdica t.:8 µ thorough tJ.nd c::t.(?r!::d.VP. clinic2l, st2tistical, ar.d exp(=rih,.:ntal investi9"c1ti on o f the inc j_c r_in c e c:.n cl c ,! ~1~ .:: ti \' ,~ in tr~r.r.eJ.c:1ti 011 of asbcstosi s .:l.lr:~ pu lr:1011c1r:f carcinon:.:i. In vie•.-.' of Liw fG.;.;'.:. thc.t scv~~rn.l of. the st;,.tcs \·:ith ~•!:! ... Y Jc:.r':18 c:isb2st1x~ p}.an~.s do not i:1::::ltic-0..: .:1s::,er,t:.osis ,;;w,nc! cn;nfK:nsator:: ccc~1j_)~"'c:.i c!· .:.1. (! i s.:·(:~~cs, 1...hi~: si.:t;ciy is ~•.:c;1 1,:.:..:,:te: :H,!;_:1t. ~:uch a con•:! l t ioJ1 r.,.i.l i t.~1 t (•:-; ,-tc;..:;:i :i :-, :· c:111 c..~ f e:c1: i_ ve ci:introl b.y::icllic c1r1c1 jr, 11,:~,-!J'!..~, t.i lo of in :➔ :i 01: •f_)eci('S r•sr;,::ntL~l ji1ci::c•ncc, occur•ul:.:i.on,,l 1:.: c!ii ir.::or;:1: nat-:..u- 1.~, ~-:;_r:n ,.:1•c1. ( jsc~,!~.,;r! 1 1r")::-::Pi.L.~litics lesions, taken IIollcb for a. ,~ the p·.i 1 ::10~,'\l~',' r.1ultiJ.>.lc n,2opliJ~;Lic r.1,111iin a~.b~sto~is 1,,~iY b= mis!; as f.estc1tions ~;tc ..H.lily ;!·(.::.it!g <__ 11 asbc~;tosir; ~-~l!C>t:J.d be pc:-;t:.morte:!,1 e:-:amin,1 ::ion inclu,:inc1 tu(:y jn \·'.c,-1:;:,,r:: c1yinq suli·j,-_,2!:1.:cl tn froi h.istoJ.09ic~J of 1Jcr-1·co'.ir.d cc,Jlt_':~~t.icH1 si~1~,i c:> c.-iricr.:. <Jcn_,:!-i::] iwlustJ:iul i 1!1 :;:.•,·tc:nt t!1•_; c111c1 1 l''?Jt ti1 4 tuberculosis und lmgri~t of (Lynch)." in Ne,..; York reported two more 73 cuses of c1:;l>estosis with luny ccJnccr in 19'12. The deceased �--57- were men aged 52 and 58 and both had worked applying· ,. insulation to experienced ·before his pipes for over progressively death, he was employed asbestos dust. .20 years. worse although as The older disability for beginning the_ last a salesman and was one 10 years not 15 years of exposed his life over a to "(Dyspnea) progressed slowly but steadily so that during the last few years of life he was almost co~plctcly exhausted after climbiny only one flight of stairs. He had frcc 1uent bouts of coughing \·.'hich were especially severe in the morning but . occurred throughout the day and night. The patient had been facturer of asbestos age of 23 years until his death." • 'l'lte authors 5-ycar period, comprising seen there only they 2.4 of asbe::.; tosi~; "asbestosis occupational clinically developed to 29, cbrnbination disease, slight asbestosis. n. city hospital 59 brochi9cnic all present ancl 1 un0 canCl!r in in routine pulmon.=try ,1.pp~zns On January that seen of ·was Jun~_: cancer. '!'his in had percent cases tvo wrote employed by a manuproducts since the a few months before carcinomas, autopsies. asbc~;tosis, as v:clJ. b~ the c.:1rJ They and jest report j had n •both of all!on9 in~~u la t.io11 ,·.'Ol_·ters. 1943, the with acknowledging lung German government cancer" that cases of asbestosis 74 Thus, the citations dcclar~d a compensable lung cancer as well of this as occurs in health well �-58- hazard in the medic~l Hornig, Baader, German government disease of literature Linzbach within and Wedl~! ~ormally a period industrial disease since 1938 -- recognizing of by Nordmann, resulted this in occupational Germany's 5 years. compensation the tradition stretches back to 1884 72 (German Industrial insurers has and still sation in 1939. still 50 different not that Insurance fully Baader Hueper did not state up with described in in 1942 employers The U.S., worker's caught wrote hold Act). the liable standard laws, 6f in Nazi 24 states in for private compensation practice that with compen- Germany the diseases U.S. workers 72 contracted In fhe the as 1943, occupational He had mally no wz,y origin of is conditions was no longer of knowing lu11g This cnvi:r:-onm 1 'nt2.l of Hueper recognized disease. for --- -- result lung that cancer cancers the with £~om an art:icJc cr.1nc0r in of their employment. uncertain with about asbestosis. Genna.n go 1ernrnent had 1 asbestosis as a compensible on oi:.cuu~Jcional the nu~°J.r::tin __of 75 and 1-hr~_ l1:··;,~ric2n_Society Co11L1:ol of C,nccr: -------------··--- tho. "l,s!JC!,;tosis cancf'r of .!·c:-ccn L I l (:~·.'(' o;rc.· r cl l'.]~) I l(f of U1i.s or,J<rn. F'iJ·:::t UH.:TC: :11·c 11ov1. tl!'..: lun~1 .,.~: oc ct: F<'l :·.ion;:] th.:.: r.1osl ca Ti ccr s :1csci:.ihi.::J in J.93S, 18 .:::,1.~;c!-; of Lhi:::; indi~stric1.l ca ucr-:r on n~cord o!.JSt!rv<:d c:tmo!HT c1 ~--1..>cst:c1s w0rt~rs .i.n Enc1lanr., Gc!rmc:-1:1~' t1n(1 the United States. The luttcr contributc:c1 5 c::i.scs. Inasmt1ch o s the aE:bcs tos industry is moE t extensively bestosis_ speci.il for-: de\·elopccJ in thi:, countrv ascc1nccr of U10 lung h.:is for us a hy9 iL:n ic and sociolog ic significance •." �-59- Hueper occupational u~gcd cancer that industry saying take among.Qther action to control things: "Industry should devote considerably more effort £han heretofore in dct~rmining the ccJ.11cerous or noncanc<?rous nature of their numerous products which may be suspected on general grounds in cancerigenic respects Industry should make serious attempts to eliminate all potentially cancerigenic agents frorn further use by the development of suitable substitutes." To the cular and the asbestos asbestos industry "Go into have said, your workers and some nentioncd breath with reported performed thc1t Gloyne with asbcsto~is a total disease, found ing t9 ~ • .-..i. .. -. --~--....._, ____ ........_ .... ~ as G~rmany, ;ind business 1 \•:hich found Wee.Her. in parti- he might as the of sake 'i'his in a report as)Jcstosis an occupc1tiona1 reported in in well disc~se. c.i.1~d there 1943 same the 76 He 2 9 nccropsies asbestosis, pleu rul 2 with in . for filed v.·i th had been ,-.:ere 4 with ca!1c~~r :-;. a case fin,linq of plc.:ural ca:1cc~r 1933. 92 rcportcd_nccropsics in general _a tot.a 1 of \•.i th h-]cl also of ( lGt) normally / in on •.-;orkcrs cancers in Heidelberg 1 tumors tumors 1 lung in pleurn J. .rng that other manufacturers customers." H. W. We<ller which insulation 14 mal.ign~rnt far the 'l'hcre exceeded general were of lung the autopsy prolJ.:ibly p~ticnts and pJ.!)Ural prevalence statistics no figures with ~sbestos tumors of lung (2-6~), available were cancer accordfor �-60- the incidence these were been expected of pri~ary extremely in among in tumors the are lower also asbestos years; pronounced; dust until youthful also plants; men as lung in insurance pnpcrs ons~t those of exposure was of 12-42 was females disease, in in 'the since asbestos 3 :to 4 ti1i'lcs concluded \\ec.1lcr often changes afflicted \,·01:kforce was a legally si~;nificant is \•.'c·rc Un.it.cc! th3t i:iul~lishcd Si".atcc:; o}n,j c-,usJ.y nol: at (l\ugu.:';L prevalent as cancer Uia.t justified c:in<.1ca•,ie asbestosis t:o \\1ed1t·1- ncu.rly of disease the .::-:cc:. Hu,.:per t'hc 6 <.111d,June, correspcJIJdin,_J Yet, with pro~ortion was most appc·ared high histology asbestotic from cance:r the the for cL:.ur.s. \vorc literature where of cancer have cancers appeared some of lung from an occupational women. asbestosis th.::~t the toward lung aDong It 'rhey of of a majority ordinarily, tumors lungs, evidence since would of general th_e period ages pointc<l women comprised among the the autopsy, tumors histology in seen; of at 92 autopsies. the And an unusually series and different most the scries·6f was usually tumors No pleural that portions striking. the rare. noted asbestotics of lung pleural a random Wedler \ both s.:1me conclusion; w~s an occupationc1l dise~se. in tirne :;~;r-10' l'H:-:, \•lith_ r::ac!, aull-irJr;; subr1ittcd ~;urvc•yccl Gcnnu.ny :tcspcctivcly). other the during world lu11CJ cancer to �-61- A summary published the of .. Wedler's following year article in the 77 of British was journal, Bulletin •• Hygiene. Hamburger cases in the deceased at American were been exposed and last for the tained an to 1938 sies and them, found of 43 and lung his 45, for had asbestosis 8: in high ... three more 78 1943. The in 5 years, age one Hamburger's of Hamburger laboratory of a woman of pr~sentation cancer. a· "remarkably and period. tabular a report Pathology asbestos an unknown with 1918 publi_shed Journal to excellent asbestosis Yale men aged One had of by Gloyne lung for the association that found the on from of was of con- literature thousands cancer 20 years, paper reported conducted 49. two autopin 4 condi- t•ions." The carried Journal of ec1i to.ric.11, an the l\rneric:an "Envircn,:-,r~ntal :•'.'::"'dicul Association Cc:n1c0.r", on Hovember 2:i, Tl 194•1. 'J'he editorial W<J.rnecl that I "The largest c1nd most· important sro:-':-J (of env .i.1:on:11c~ntal c.:1nccrs) .is rep:: c'::,,n i:·eel by occup.::.t.i.onc1l c,:inc,:,,cl. i.ci~~,~,.1 l.·::' ;_-::posurc to cl:en~j c:aJ c-rnd ph~•::;j c.:Jl .-id'::·,: t-s j J; the: course: of r .;c;q}.:_,r. occuj_·,;_1t.i.c:,:--; ... '!'lie~ ag('nts J:nc,1-n1 o,.- r;u::-:pcctcd to c>J.US·-~ oc,:u1_1,:1~·.i.onal cc:.incr:r. an.~ . . . a~U<.:!S-:.o~; ... II 1 'l'bc tional cancer .:1r-t.iclo had under-reporting investigation been of of said that recordc~, cancers occupational 5000-~000 and that attributable cancer cf there wc1s clearly to occupition. was occupa- ca:,es urged: Organized �- 62 "The benefits from such efforts will be not only·thc early detection and irrproved proqnosis of· cases.of occupational cancer but also the prevention of industrial cancer. by 'the elimination of exposures to canccrigenic agents." .. In 1947, on 1,.mg cancer in Kennaway Great certificates of found asbestosis 8 with obtain to greater workers exposed. but who·qied at age of lung "a factory 15. ~as of number the the cases 1921 the found they to occupationally of.lung for 1938, unable of persons number they death and They were be expected cancer 81 37. This cancers number was of was a "boiler pathologist asbesto-sis pipe covers," and die note factory s3me consic1crec1 tha.t the of Cureton a woman for that v,om·an to cell at was the c1nd died squamous 7 star.ting manufacturing additional the in woman had worked ins~lation in 7.hc author others British asbestos by the hud worl~ed <?o:rnpared to the ,;,-,ith asbestos· supported s aunt year making That a:;bestosis. young the the of I patient would following of hazardous between a report coverer.." a case age on the believed One of repo.!"tec1 in males as well. figur~s . The years in listed than asbestos the cancer asbestos probably pipe lung satisfactory exposed and ~ennaway published 00 Britain. .From a search of at 40 be unusually carcinoma of lung. Mercwcther, cumulative statistics c6icf for Inspector autopsied of cases Factories, of produced asbestosis in 82 England from In a total pr~sent the of in incidence 31, 1924 to 1946, 235 cases, in "cancer an incidence of such his cancers of annual of the 13.2%. in silicotics report lungs This for"the or pleura" was year was contrasted (1.32%) and 1947. with the general �... otirer L1 lung and c.:incers in instead, a s,eries cancer only the cases same remote The large as tn 235 that of less than This Nerewethcr number unmistakably to in with of was contrasted s~en in authors also of cancer lung in Carolina and had 1% general that asbestosis cuses adv&nccd cases had likelihood they lung 3 out tl1ese were of years' had still of on 83 cases. In The total or of 7.5%. lung identified This cancer experience. The another case living: :-, ,•:i th of lunas. pleural papers. pointed fisurcs 40, usbl!sto~~i fibrosis later cancers. cancer. incidence ten in 40 autopsied 011 one previous of a man who had hccn cx~0sea to dust irregularly for .l\·JC!I;ty yc·.:1rs moderate 235) 31 cancer up:1,J.le:c.1 his a report a patient dccc<1sr::::, of (1%) is lung "in J'.J 1 three real cited with origin the reported their population cases was thus authors' (0. 01 x as many as was often cancer with the report cases, lung 3 number a million. South 1948 if general an occupational 5 new asbestosis incidenc~ the ex.pected 2 or that occur asbestosis Lyncl1 in asbestosis \yould th0 be The chance 1 in of \•muld 235 31 occurred. lung the of words the fibrosis, for asbestos " l uno cancer Most all of grafes hdd the 40 of asbestosis. A 1949 Medical Association Editorial in ("Asbestosis the and Journal Cancer of the ~nerican of the Lung") dis- 84 cussed_ and Merewcthcr experimental '•s findings. evidence The Editorial sugq~sting that cited asbestos cpidemiologicill workers were at �increased.risk of "probable," and industries lung stated should turing plant that workers be considered England also least one were monary cancers referred the on 115 the died author was to in others lung risk along deaths with from statistics on the 48 cancer. There were of which cancer it, at risk as asbestos-consu~ing offered and pleural Seven in this manufac- "Since soITle 20,000 workers are employed in the asbestos-producing industries of this country and Canada and many additional thousands in various asbestos-consuming industries, increased attention to this probable o~cupational hazard of cancer of the lung by the medical profession is desirable." lvyer' s report at characterized workers: 0 lung It cancer. as one series ·'>•-iith caused 17 such cancers Lung "The organs. cancer disease. cancer, not in it in all, and pleural of pul- percent." No doubt 11 the His whether accompanying proportion 14.8 other pleural an occupational how asbestos of was therefore of in incidence cancer. entity: "cancer considered cancer: a pleural asbestosis same about class discussion with concerned did. ,.' ... L the longcs duration _monary t cxposur:,~ of that the duration explanation and a~;bcstos cancer average is they because they thought might to exposure average of therefore were have age these not t1j cd at death was was 17.3 years. lived long killed off to c1sbP.st.0s the Por 10. 4. ipdividuals occurred on ,tml was exposure that mcdi.r.,'11 J.itcrat11:n• cJ.sbc-sto~ had enough sconer a thoughtful in 1950. oJ clcst thos~ 52 years, any of with pul- and the One possible the least to develop dusty cancer This by asbestosis. student jobs, • of the �\ - 65 Hucper, the National had concluded asbestosis Chief- Cancer the Institute~ that and of there lung Environmen+:c>.l wr9te in Cancer 1951 that Section most was a· causal-relationship 85 of researchers between cancer: "Although Warren rather recently maintained that the connection between asbestosis and lung cancer is of coincidental nature, the actual existence of a causal relation appears to be very ~ikely (Lecoeur; Koelscl1; Saita; Hueper; Teleky; Editorial; Gross)." That year, Tabershaw of New Ycrk published a list o= B6 occtipational One was ·jiseases covered "Asbestosis circulation was not or with diminished associated limited t~ by social with any group insurance capacity cancer of of to the in ~est breathe and impaired lungs." asb~~tos-expcsed Germany. Coverage workers. r.' ~ I wus reported worked as in New York a pipe "Fo:c coverer the •,:llc,re only. L'1~~-.i.ncr do :t i,1,,::3}: Aside from protection one broi11, a h~1l_f ,,.:-:a1.·,; J,i·· J.>ir-,~• tJ CC1\.-(.;~~C r •.-:n::-!-:inq Lut that th(~ t~!t:~J 1940's, story the asbestos tr111l l iccnt United a:ic.! .l i vcr. this Slc:ites insulation work of death ic oriC'in" 'J'he authors r l ,1J.i,1,;:1:/s " in in to n::·;"lr:!Ct.C'(: of early i.1 ii! ,1~1.::.i.~1u::,c,,"i :.Ls:,('sro,; th:i.s t.im0 he ,-;dS U>J.t1 tr_, the-problems the He had he •.•.-hilc hj m :.;id~. The cnuso bi li Ly oi' ~S old -m~m. 19JO. illustrc1ting shipyard knew that in cor,,~J]ai.ncc1 !:-'.O ~iric.1 made a 4 0-ycar in and four ,-.~or}~ LC) shij:;yan! 19 Sl starting ne:,xt COnt.il~l.1CC..1 wo,u: in .) at implementing tbat shows time, that the at least authorities was h~zurclous. was lung c~nccr "with , to (one respiratory of whom lwcl the possi- the kidney, reported 2 in �- earlier cases thcii of report with . They \ com1,l.~cation~ tl1c.::;e a good . 6G review in introduced i:!~- 1 1 :.--;l•.)rs) of earlier literature.· to comper1satc , concluded workers for that it was occupational time asbestos cancers: "The importance of this association of carcinoma in cases of c1.sbestosis is indica~ccl from the review of the literature presented. This association emphasizes the hazards of indu~trj~l exposure, the co~pensability of lhe ca1,ccrous pro(:css as ,:ell a~~ asL'..:stosis and the :-ieed of careful prc·,,r.:ntive ,n•. z1~ures." Owen in England reported 2nocher c~sc of asbes- 80 tosis with and his in lung only cancer exposure a London to asbestos lung cancer Behrens in The victim asbestos had twenty presentation been ye~rs cf died literature t:;-2 for freqnonc)' the tha. t compa.1:ed with of the lu::ig- C<7nccr reported age 39, job before. Germany. \·:i th at a 12-month 2csoos tos is was pu;.:,l.Lshcd in 89 He revie\,'Cd ti1e cumulative literature and 1951. factory A tabular of in r.:i ·::c of" on cases 19 5 2 by world ,1ith c.:sbestosis l unq cancer with silicosis. in \·:hi ch reports :j ,~ 1 u w, ca l •! . 2 ::..) ii ad ( ( l. '!.,..,) J·.nm-;n '1.'hcJ.t yoar, lo the Cartier <1.11t :1 cc r . r or s i l .i :: o ~:.i.s , tl 1ere !11.)r. reported 7 ce1sr-:s of pleural 90 a1?1oncr Cun,-:1.dian asbe:.tos -mcsothelio!n.:1 Ilardy referred in an years t:ion to of prior i nsulat.ion sorting the case Massachusetts reports c1.nd in worker and llk111UfiH~t11rin-:_J•" care.Ling She of miners Institute asbestosis a man ,-:ho asbestos concluded, fibers mill .,ncl of with ",.;orkcd intended workers. Technology lung for eancer seven for i.nsula- �... \ "The•:,, ...- ca~;es hc1ve parti.cul.:u: SJ':J-li fi-. c;rnct.• s.in,~e t·ltcn::- ,:ir,:-~n·:·c11·1y ]0,:1r)0 wor!~crs expu?cd to varyins c1mounls of usbcstos in nmeric.J.n industry, mun~ of them in some operations not properly safeguarded against a potential carcinogen." Hardy used the convinced term by Mercwcthcr's an expression inclined docs to or await had already providing e:x:p0sed acknowledge and workers the reviewed and Merewether's the 1947 case addendum to the of with of drawing co-workers report "The higher the theory carcinogens." A second of one asbestos such was as a conclusion, and safeguards in pressing to reported one need for protect asbestos- another case a 41-year-old a "chain literature. was contrasted of seemed a~ .;..11.-::ulator:::. r.u:h with lung cancer 92 iri 1953. The man was sively ~buther i~nediate improved she The use that, before asbestosis worker, This poin·t data though ~tatistics. carcinoginicity further Isselbacher of the the warnings carcinogen" 1947 raise accept proven to "potential They 31 cases, general smoker". pointed cancer population with They out mill exten- that 9 (29%) were rates figure in asbestosis that asbestos particles lung asbestos in women. of 4 to 10~3%. supports act as asbestosis was noted as an article. "The pc.1ticnt was 2 46-yec1r-0Jd contractor's helper whose work .since uge 17 consisted of cutting· and sav.ri.ng asbestos board to insulate pipes, boilers-, and refrigerators." The man was Weiss j with n Germany asbestosis in . 93 ·worker. 'rhc man's part of be tween it the cigarette a 1 pack/day in rcport(:tl a man who had exposure a supervisory start srioker. of the a c.:isc been of ple.ural an asbestos insulation spc.1nnccl 22 years, the role. years man's Thirty-one asbr~s tos c:,:po:.mrc cancer latter and elapsed the �-68- The author referred to 2 8arlicr cases of pleural that tumor r cancer with asbestosis tissue from his sidered r1ew case pleural asbestos seen cancer by Wedler and .. contained noted asbestos confirmed as bodies. Weiss an occupational con- cancer of workers. In peritoneal 1954, Leicher in Germany mesothclioma with asbestosis 94 worker. The man began asbestos factory 33 years reported in a case an asbestos work in later. Asbestos dust tumor. Leicher considered the cancer to be of origin, noting tumors were very rare that such of was positively 19]9 and died identified in the occupational in the general population_. Earlier the pleurn cancer. that reports and peritoneun1 Reports some p-rirnary of of these tumors, of ca:;:·lier net Bonser cxaminc:t.i.on primary in listed "metastatic cases of asbestosis tumors of these cases tumors" with sites may ha·v·e been lung suggested misdiagnosed co-\:orl-:cl.-s,. factory worh.:r::; ri.:.•portin'_J ·.-·::th 2~:- in 1955 :.:,:·_,,.::j_.:; on post-mortem in the? U.S., l,nn<J cancer was also in metcJ.slases. ancl '/2 had common: "CancC:!r arising p:r.irnu.rily in the pleura, lungs, or bronchi was present in 26.l percent of males and 8.7 per~ent of females. This significantly higher incijcnce in males m~y be accounted for by the fact• that 7 women died before the cancer age ... It was noted that the degree of fibre- �-69- sis was rath~r cancer than in Also asbestos 18 had 20 Doll in England .. workers examined at ·96 Follow-up study cancer. lung whereas exposure only mortality vasculLr of showed 15.4 would 0.8 exposed before with the exposure tl~e • cancer reduced risk after British 1933. asbe~tos textile used ~sbestos in frrnn Lynch ancl f"or 2 cases of to lung and used least cancer cardio- noted that exposure had asbestos industry fate had by Dressen at on general of conditions, American 1935-1953, Doll \vorkcrs mills the due on the and the 105 occurred, based the improved As noted asbestos had or more of of 113 men with expected). no data the from respiratory 7.6 he had these of was predominantly chrysotile other 20 years under of expected implementation Though 20 -years and that necropsy was entirely (22 against workers regulations. been with· reported 3 9 deaths have exp~cted) disease the that The excess rates. {11 against the 1955, textile y_ears' all in less in the lungs those without." been workers Doll become greatly in asbestos asbestos with believed co-workers sa~e first industry: 1938, that the CanR<la. in ~ra·U.:-Th0J11as South C2:rolina lung c<1Pr.cr in reported 97 details a.discussion of ~he "\}hat paper, is status of diseases?" The reply lung cancer asbestosis: was that asbestosis the with Pratt-Tho~as 1955. In wo~ asked, the prcscni.: inc1ustri<1.l comj:)cnsqtion the coexistence ~f these two courts was an occupational were beginning h.J.zard to of workers recognize that who developed �- -70 "lWe] have seen cases in which at least partial compensation has been allow0d. It was thought the::y mi,ght have not died quite as fast if they had not gotten carcinoma and that the evidence for asbestosis produc-in9 cancer, though not proven, was sufficinotly questionable so t~e case·s \·.ere judged in favor of the plaintiff, or at least partially so." 1 Hueper authored on environiental he noted causes that.there lung on record, cases reported by the large of were though by the had time to 99 cases of in Service 98 1955. asbestosis various authors. been monograph. By this cancer time, of the some duplication Jiueper of women with declare develop cancer may have proportion on to lung Health there "Pqualization represented thus resulted of liability lie went a Public was asbestosis also and of struck lung cancer: of carcinogenic exposure as by asbestosis, for the two sexes, in a trend toward equalization to lung cancer." that many asbestotics cancer, citing had died before 1947 figures: Merewether's they "It is of iI71portance to note that t!-ie rne::-n age of 128 noncornplicated c~ses of asbestosis was only 44. 2 years (i·i~re\·1et.!1C::!r). * One r,wy conclude from this observation that sor•~ of these indiv :i:c.lnaJ.s apparently died f r-0111r1sbes tos is l.>efore their lune cu.ncer had a chance to develop (J,inzbach and h'edler) . Thus before Hucper, who was quite tu1nor c1evelopment fu.miliRr from gens, recognized.the significance death of with asbcstotics asbestotics. and Wedler It with * The average reported is lung noteworthy having made aqe of the by Mcrewether witl1 occupational of ccinccr t~at older latency asbestosis to average with credited observation of lung e;:pusurc cornpared Hucper similar 31 cases was 52.1. lhe lhe in with period carcino·age at other Linzbach their lung 1941 cancer �'W ·article. the Bonser wo~en in \ - 71 and their co-workers s~ries had dying also alluded "before the to one cancer fourth age" of of other causes. One could conditions in asbestos would not lung cancer rate could have been die of workers. had existed, little since asbestosis might had were before the improved they of the in '1.7 cases least-exposed asbestos at workers had changed insulation workers. thet1- over re:?orted asbestosis workers questions such asbestos 1 : Pennsylvania with of as SO, their This of group to centur~ age down. study exposure t!wt, so that reached of large their turn s statement by a mortality A relatively and S•=!f:n Hueper' go u~ instead Two doctors they from factories resolved asbestos long infer autopsy 16 years or -99 in surgc~ry. workers, In and all the of Thcs0 app~ar 13 of them these, lo~er the lobus of Anotlie~· to (about primary the case have ~11 half) site bc~n l1ad lung also of textile asbestos tumor growth cancer. was in lungs. of asbestosL; J unc; canc€'r c:nd \·:as 100 re po 1: ted 'j_'his in rn.:..--ir1 had poss:i.blc insu L.1tion been the! t su~r~res tn~ the a11 h':::-rkcr heavy a smoker, 111or-c a ttent..i ro.l.0 J.11 lt:60, of 'Hl smotin~J \v.:Jgncr in of anc.1 the pc1ic1 lo be in 19 (10, a J.so the SouU1 lun~r i\frico. i 11 the U.S. authors ~.::i1 ok j histories, ng cc1ncc1· and mort,1lity rcF01.·t:t-·d 33 cases 101 of pleural environmental West 32 of Cupe thn mcsoti10lioma. exposure Province, 33 cases. i1.. history to where of croci<loliLe it Wils mined, occupational asbestos or in the \.,,·as cstuulishe<l North for �-· 72 pationally expc~-~d and roads used where in road to asbe~tos, asbestos but was hauled h~d lived and mine that year, Keal.reported as in-patients with asbestosis 102 London. Of the 15 men known dead, 1 was thought The men with "boiler lun9 lunq was. that have all the Keal included were 10 had the the died the 1 apssd in with lagger" series of 19 men lung mesothelioma. that The most women h~d cancer that one hospital 1 "asbestos non-smokers. noted in had pleural The tl women in were 8 of to cancer coverers." cancer tailings mines on 23 women and ·treated and the construction. Late ca~cer near and 2 developed surprising finding peritoneum. per. icJd from onset 0f ~I,~ exposure w&s 1~ (under 2:> _years) years). He also cancer sure, .changes their point8(1 asbestosis measures than and that out Kea] had first taken to that exposed t~o of no syn~toms Doth as prevent cases cance~ (30 in which occupational or expo- radiological had asbestos the asbestos an industrial it. cases cancer bodies tc mc-.J_i_co- J 2~r~ l 12 cases after disease in !~cal s.i<J!1 r:,f osi1i::stosis. 10 of to lung peritoneal cessation were noted been the cc1sr.:•s h.::td def ini -c.hcse was recognized were to s110\ve<.1 110 othr~r aJ.so for with asbesto3is. 1:ut ~;pL1tum, cases after there ln1icate averag8 attention long in whic~ to the callecl dcveloµed cancers. series on the ·in his 1930, and when �- In 1962, . mesotheliomas of information, the the 73 British pleura Smither - and b~gan and to develop 103 peritoneum. co-workers acknowledged a regist~r of In for calling that, "'I'here appears to be no correlation between the severity of any pulmonary asbestosis and the occurance of these tur:iors. In a number of cases the exposure to asbestos dust appears to have been minimal, and the only histological evidence of asbestos exposure is the piesence of a few asbestos bodies and fibres in the lung tissue. However, a detailed occup~tional history has, in nearly all cases, revealed some contact with asbestos fibre." Mccaughey of pletr~l further bodies only one histories were obtained asbestos bodies ·there Belfast mesothelioma 104 1962. Lung in in in was were clear "a 1958, sections these for "all wiLh !listory lioma in th~: ol'.her Jud. jolJs l_;1-c11.H;l1'.: i:l~'i.'c~:;to:; ,,,,;cllt. 6n a he investigated revealed numerous Detailed the the 12 cases lungs. 5 the:rc asbestos occupatio~al in In ititc:rrn:i.tterit of in which 4 of the 9 exl)osnre l i • l •J·. s>.ipy~·rd tho i.11tc tl1c':ll \·:orl .. -- plumb_:_ny o.nd furno.cc authcns which 9 of in 15 cases reported but Lthly 'l'he first cases. r,rese·nt. cut. In occu1xt tic.,n, of in had to all il:e !He:· fen- ir.c\.·iccint.oct c•;•:c·::i:L;J_c, }~hipyarcl rcp.:i_i_ri.119." a rnorc rccL:nt case of 1ifc he hu.d bc>cn an cnyinc room. f j tt.er u.ncl had workocl for pcriocl_s each ycciJ~ cleaninq down cJnd d.i.smcintJ.inq m;:1chi nc ,-y which h.Jd been cmiJccJclcd in asbestos insul.:1tion." mesothe- man. G2-ycar-old "For dcscr : j11f.(·1:l'..i.t:tcr:t his working • �74 The asbestos use of -insulation, exposure and this in report shipyards arose suggested that from not the only ... insulation of workers developing as workers mcsothelioma In plant but a study of of found cancer, and of other the workers excess an of trades were at risk Ohio asbes,tos pleura. employed followed 1938-1939 Coulter in in through deaths an Mancuso 1960, from and asbestosis, lung 105 There cancer were lung 19 {based on general deaths from compar:ed as of v,i th the of the (by examin~tion authors of only considered office stc1ff, to exposure. 'l'he agei in the pattern the workers. knowl?dye deaths in findings tolal ch,: ..ircicteri;-:e 1938, t1'.t'! .noted and continuity of ny the end of S84 persons the that 1963, in the Great 2/3 of estimates of ciurution of the of I3rilc:1in ~,hose L2 taken of \·/Orkers employment" 1 to by i•,1in.istry out The events rclal:cc1 iden- by 1960. t•, 1 ;-, 1:·_lc1UoJ1 hc:d over duration were slides) force h'01:-};fcr-c0 h'c1.r a1,d and two others conscrvai:1ve pl~rnt 18 certified histological th211ork were and peritoneum, 3 deaths and available the c1uthors of expected) their auc.1 so i11suffic1.cnl.:. 15-34 195 were expected 5.6 There orguns There of with data). digestive (0.08 and peritoneum. compared mortality expected. 8. l organs deaths population cancer a total djgestivc cancer cancers peritoneal tified of ,-,ere "affected of LaL>our had dec1.th ccrtifi- �75 - 106 cates mentioned cancer also 1947 liste<l'had report to In the The proportion asbestosis. risen 25~ in of were substantially than would and building Merowether's fiom reported insulation <leaths be expected in co-~orkers trades more 13.2% lung .. 1963. 1964-Sclikoff mortality from with observed general on 55 workers. in these There workers population mortality figures: Of 632 insulation workers who entered the trade before 1943 and were ~raced throuyh 1962, forty-five died of cancer of the lung or pleura, whereas only 6.6 such deaths ~ere expected. Three of the pleural tumors were rne~othcliomas; there was also one perito~eal m2sothelioma. Four 111csotheliorn,:i.s in a total of 2SS deaths i.s an exceedingly h~sh_incidence for such a rare tumor. ln addition, an uncxoectcdlv lara~- nu~bcr of . m2n died of cancer of t.hc sto;;;.3_ch, colon, or rectum ( 2 9 compared with 9. 4 ex pee tC'.(!) . " ~ •. The not uccount authors for the~ noted high Sub~.;cqnent asbestos likely .not workeJ'.'S to work workers with cancer far who do not. as smoking cancer 107 more The It would risk are This 8 times asbestos ¼orkers, as ~sbestos to makes cancer that thC!y did liKely who smoke and could shm·:ed that as be. insulators in about calculated otherwise high =rnd pleural 92 tlm2s of mesothelioma is lung ,-1ould be if they was are common among tract 61 hab~ts. as alone anct E;:;:r;·nond tes cigarct habits of be S€.lii:cff cigarettes they S!11nking (17.G':',) a~bestos. gastrointestinal of study lunq who smoke lung.cancer rate who smoke develop that. lung than of get the those lower regardless �- /1.J - \ Ncwh0u ~;c ~rnd Thrn·:pson Hospital cases through were and-·c•ccupa interviews with a history of of 76 suffering with from the other associc:tions exposure$ . tically to and workers to the 31 patients jobs coverecl. There were death 48.6 and in lived the the interval 29.4 the Among those a mile control series. and }.;etween ull asbestos the factory cases. only co.~:;cs cl.-1.:~.::;c i1 :.!S Out 10 were Hcgulations Inclustry statis- first among exposure of neighborhood were years hospital half nci~hborhood occupational only exposures, don1-::stic, disease house same within 5 cf fatal the comparison, c1o:nestic or from 8 mer;:otlv~lioma had exposure. such with Asbestos (52.6%) had had among by from the varied years th0 In London 76 full obtained patients - The mean with by exposure. cccupational, sic__rnificant. exposure (living compared asbestos we re do.ne?tic cases of ~nd or occupational fa~tory, Giopsy, Porty cis-eascs of or of Eighty-three relatives. "control" mesothelioma an asbestos The worker) {11.8~;) 108 1 _histories occupational no evick:nce 11 of tion~ surviving an a~bestos 9 out by necropsy records the j C:\-.'l·d on rne:sothelioma. confirmr<l residential with 1964 rev of of in 1931. "J ;:~,::,sers and insulatoJ:-s." from .:1~;lx:isi:0s asbestos, making occupational Environmentr1l sprayed-on tence illustrate it hazards haz,,rds, ~sbcstos the.· St:!rious11c~_;s all the v:cre such ceilings, mere not perplexing more us exist would hacl l.h1.: occup,J Liuna l af;besto.s uf the• hazards that the cc1n.!fully s lt:dicd i11 modern n~ver problem have of long ago. buildings with come exis- Ileen into properly �\ studied in the 1930's, familiC1s of the had the and co-workers r.x1sl asbcf;tos 1940's, or ~orkcrs h~zards would in the 1 1950 s. have Likewise, been workplace less the exposed better been in recognized ... Anderson household contact recently counted rnesothelioma in the 37 reported cases oE literature, and added handling asbestos are 122 4 more. The occupation~l so great plant that has Seidman those the end to co-workers have 1974. The ratio cancer was respectively, employment of for for those and reached one year. of work cancer deaths 1941-1945 observed workers those with 2, in to less for 1941, up through deaths than one exposure, 6-11 workers making in expected one month and 109 lung a plant followed with 3-5, 7.84 on the New Jersey we~e for with in an asbestos among workers. employed opened of in reported briefly 2.24 3.47 5.52 less The plant between of rec2ntly of workers exposure, and or cause employed of lung m6nth month insulation. and from one shown mortality asbestos 3.57 been and cancer even hazards months with 6.15, exposuie, duration of '1.'hc excess of lung cancer (lec1ths was first observed 10-14 y~~rs aft0r onr~t cf wnrk, ~nd increz.~;::d sisnificc1ntly wi t:1 lo.!",::~j~ ob:::crvation." 11 Overall, t:1c·(' through 19 7 4, \:c:r.e co1iip:1:r.ed to is It asbestos in workers only Henderson ·cancer electricians, has clothing identified ironers, cc1.nc,2r dca ths. the to is a contributinq Menck excessive plasterers, they cause. rates dry sn:-;pcct th.:1t Ev0n proli.feration hazards asbestos. 110 exposure •.·:ork force 61 in wide~pread exposed an<l plumbers; thj_s in a1-1parff.1t that resulted incidentally reccntJ.y. deu.ths 5 0 expected nmv lJecoming society have a~ong 157 cancer the of wall af;bcstos toll to and iung workers, of • �- of recognized present '· asbestos situation I U - workers II was assessed alone is enormous. recently by Dr. 111 Sclikoff: "Cancers now being seen are a legacy of past inad~quacies. The USPIIS has estimated that there ure some· 1,000,000 Americans who are either currently wo':rking with asbestos or previously regularly worked with the material ("asbestos workers"). (In addition many millions of other workers have or have had less intimate but still substantial exposure, as in the construction industry, shipyards, brake repair work, etc.·) Unless we learn to intervene in what seems to be the inevitable development of asbestos cancers among those exposed in the past and assuming t~3t 2sb~~tos ca~cer rat~s remain about the s;:;.n1e, approximately .J00,000 (40%) will die of cancer in th~ course of the next 45 years or so, including an estimated 200,000 of lung cancer, and perhaps 50,000 of pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma ." Cancer Development of Literature Risks - by Site of the As asbestosip fraction 50 or of so), asbestos the "competing" among asbcstotics asbestos the U.S. in with nsbestosis by the was first workers cancer it ~arly was reported in ages risks was as early of 1 s in became first as in among a defined 196J, and was age increasingly reported as Germany. asbestosis a decreasing (before in 1934 an occupational 1938 in was first and was recognized 1950 car1cer early mesotheliomet 1933, with deaths was recognized Pleural· reported gastrointestinal at workers in the cancer lung and of 1943 disease workers As noted, evident. disease caused on Excess Prim2ry Cancer Germany and reported ~s an occupational Peritoneal 1954. An excess population firmly mesothelioma of established of asbestos by �about 1973. tional of workers also sites is have risks, It of the the is risk obvious as soon of the worker larynx occupational with to workers different as there dies should fatal of not .Jisease._ incidence of where could of a worker asbestos have though identified. so many fatal.diseases say. who is at risk of in history should was cause to suspect that the It so many sta- times disease. cancer cancer, by now been rates asbestosis, alter bccupa- sites epidemiologists at linked developing of that first be other have the that excessive risk excess as recognized warned insulation appeared risk.of a group significant competing was at excess that tistically been reports an excess of major remarkable diseases 1973, exposure to asbestos 112,113 larynx. Th~re appear the the In Whether mesothelioma, manufacturers' 6 fatal have he or she an asbestos or cancer liability for �- bU - What Could J\J1;•2rican Asbestos Companies Reasor,,:1.bly Be Expected Save Known, and When? Pliny's the disease managers asbestosis of should writings becoming in asbestos likewise have stricken tell ~s that slaves to the Romans discovered who weaved asbestos. The factories at the turn of been to see that their with able a progressive, fatal this century workers were respiratory disease. The industry a case ture in had realized of 1935, been In Lanza shov-.rs that health asbestosis (1930). asbestos literature problems and requested industry in in 1929 the From Wood and asbestosis one asb2stos industry can in introduction to co-workers that the that "officials States." Gioyne's 1934 the 28 in senior asbestos U.S. factories American their United visualize at said by American existed was published the the paper their before literapublished investigation representing description ,;mrkers the of in the time: "The distress occasioned by c.:onstcmt bre.3thlessness is so great that the disease might be described as rnonosympto~~tic. It is the pc1ticnt 1 s first anci la::;t c.:ompJa.i.nt. In the eilrlicr 3tages dyspnoca* js only apparent during exertion -- 'I found I cuuld not hurry to \•;01,-k in lhe morni.nCJ ! 1 -in the lc.1 ter stages the ar:t of undre.-;sing or evr~ri the effort required £or speech may cause the patient to p.:1nt for breath ... Mwlnutrition is very evident in the termina:. monlhs wht.:·n th8 patient r.iay pass into a condition of extreme cachexia.**" * "dyspnca (dyspnoca) The Amcric.:in Colleqc ** "cachexiv. -- g0.ncral chronic dis~ase, as -- difficult Dictionary, or labored breuthing." Random House, New York, ill health with cancer." Ibid. emaciation, due to 1956. a �- 81 - In increased 1973 death respiratory of nation of out 45 lung deaths rate, these by Senator deaths in lung the within this five which was Taft of and within 5 years industry. 41 out-of year of termi- "Twenty-six 52 pneumoconiosis interval. introduced Ohio, a much and non-malignant 114 manufacturing workers. asbestos deaths reported cancer occurred cancer The report, Record both scientists among asbestos employment occurred government from disease The majority of U.S. into the Congressional continued: "[A] breakdown of pncumoconiosis deaths which occurred within five years since termination of employment may be seen in Table 6. The majority of these respiratory deaths occurred within one year since termination of employment including 17 deaths which at an average .age of 53. 8 years occurred within six months of termination ... "Lung c;:incer and pneumoconiosis deaths which occurred within six months oftermination of employment are evaluated further according to.one-month intervals since termination of employm~nt (Table 7). The majority of both lung cancer and pn.-o.urnoconiosis deaths whjch occurred within six months took pl~ce within thr~e mon~hs of termination. Nole th~l five lung cancer dca ths and eight pncu;Hoconiosis deaths occurred within onP. month." ,, The workers textile, fric~ion, during up" the through pneumoconiosis 1940 ment. 1 s, in and period the packing 1940-1962, end of deilths 9 occurred this within in their Of the occurred six m~rnufacturc.l products and 1967. that study months Pennsylvnnia, mortality 13 lung in of this asbestos was cancer work termination "followed and force of in the employ- �- .82 - • In rnent of of asbestos for from above 1920's and afflicted the the senior the years with day in their condition cf in in carried . '!'hough the that scientists, they and pdtcnts, ha\re hard to imagine this until libraries literature been to read by acceswere the country a:;~'.-?!'-tos cancer pres er, t.:..!cl l i. t L 1-~· t"ir>E·tac le able the medical journals ar?~nd cin in many unnoticed the the severely that lcng has Foreign coHrsG. of forties, went of conciude century. literature encouraged be were their extent for only virtually deaths was factories in the of medical should college to Gorman to learn fJcicntif . was Arner ican German ic papers etc. l927 lj_tcraturc This was published Index. of better world worldwide, of part asbestos it statistics can died their pressure as the Depression is and long one some worked It the would Great them me•dical better From Chicago. the early who were so that in and country, some of German, workers regardless the this in a guide, the as Taking as recognition economic jobs study people The world sible to work. thirties. employers, literature them Many of these their unemploy~ formal was great at of died. before stay asbestosis, they others their the compensation, and there to possible rnuny of workers' asbestos, workers 1940's that before and welf~re, hazards ·physically the days compensation, the for the un~il ,-,as Lhc early calle-J by the "Quarterly American Much of the material thouyh not all of 1S50's, MeJical was index Cumulative published il, the listc<l the the Index Association, in of medical• by subject Medicus". in journals in the �- 83 For with cancer in .the that at example, of Index the the the of find the German in the Medical to medical the from papers were manufacturi.ng cost ing of for the efforts products. It than Ke:rc has r:~s cri: industrial set ~ could Thus look "pneumoconiosis"; of the year before in jumping a number was becoming has and textile the nol the that field. asbestos avoid of states a major of universities book failed the the operat- to make hazards of its efforts. sabotan~d 1930's that • such firms late only control suspected his to in industry. relationships in shows Many report, work lines in opposed workers case earlier state workplace discover up with a single Thus, industry in of references publications. by Jones the Public by firing l1aving 150 out of_ less 115 asbestosis. the AmGrican and government asbestos officials . a3 ·::-.:~~"medical116 Expr=:-ndalJle l\mcric,"'lns. More ,.., b:J ·:-,~--· ·~".'---:-~--:: :-:- •.·:ri ':e:r complex," journal. to recent, report asbestos ~tudy The cozy industry recorded another sources 1936 forcefully 600 worl:crs, more best of ~s~estos Service the laws. to has Carolina paper review an unsafe reasonable Health Index, were The asbestos North Wedler's also reader good compensations expense in some presenting the firms running The Index be referred other, a fairly Finally, workman's the even present 1943 was listed Weekly. authors, would on asbestosis August, an American Index, for paper summarized War II, the in later. been reference Aside of also World up "asbestosis" important end pleura one year had height and lung about paper Wedlcr's .1:'-=:-..:1 ?rr-c>:?-:.!r �- 84 than half Slut of of of "red the asbestos in asbestos the spent by the "Science: the the Health 117,118 U.S. Policy and I;)!:'ab and publication literature Two other in The discussing scientific 123 industry. industry published chapter, was herrings" the its Scott's Industrialism" for in R·achel to "buy scathing Canada Advisory time" accounts have C~nter on been of • New York, - Bulletin. "'l'he grun<ldaddy of oc;cupa tional heal th coverups, however, is the coverup by the usbestos industry of asbestos hazards ... A historical review of the resenrch papers on the subject since 1900 r~veals industry's strategy: Ignore the problem, then minimize or deny it and when all else f.:i.ils try to shift the blame." An example ~nterline retired in and Henders6n asbestos Manville, · document of an 11.ndustry at factory from is Unjversity workers, of including 119 New Jersey. on asbestos the study" This paper the Nati8nal is a paper by Pittsburgh those of from described in Inst5. tute for a plant a new Occupa50 tional Safety and Health (part of the U.S. Public Health Service): 802 t1eaths only one r.,csothcJ ioma had rccurde(l in the several pL•.nts investi-· qatccl. In contrc.1st, a subscc;u,:;,1t.. invE·sUgution hy Dorow et al (1973) :[uund 70 cv.ses of r,0sotl1•.:=1 ior.-:a from on] y on·2 of Ll1,~!~C plants. 'l'he discrepancy was auc to rncU1oclological v m: i a :.:ions , for exam pl c En b..i r 1 in e a :1d IIc ri dcrson (1973) had limit~d th0ir investigation to men of 65 or ovC'r, \·:hil2 many of the 111csotheliom.:1 cases rep0rted hy Borow et al (1973) had died Lefore that age." "Of b0cn In been·accused to inve~tigatc the of medical adversely the health lite:::-ature, the influencing hazards two in inn,,c;':ru asbestos separate Lhe mines and l·!".S attempts mills of �05 "' 1,45 Canada. bf In my own e~perience provide increased public industry has bitterly A recent example and worker opposed is asbestos a petition in widely pounds. In entails long to spite levels plants, and despite without asbestos stitu~es· only U.S. -- the to example in the to of and S,.., _l C•.,c,• i·_n .... - the the J.J r· r,.., of the industry petition. those that use of Association of fact the the of North 121 'l'his ~sbestos industry's 1~ t_·_,, - C 'L· t~.:t--: } 1~a 1- ti .11 or - Product and of only refusal • J_ ts ban such the corn- exposures asbestos products can in products these asbestos in be made con- the (Asbestos asked one use products in America) the Safety spackling as~ociation is to now allowed of to Resources term asbestos trade activities. and .short these sales its agency the,~~~ in asbestos, Natural taping that eicess Consumer agencies from of the asked contamination 1 percent deny for dry-wall fact the protection the indoor asbestos Information rnent of term asbestos sold government any-regulation Commission which I helped draft . 120 Defense Council. The petition of urging the govern- recent to cu~-:~-.~:;:1·'.t: accept s. a decline �REFERENC!~S 1. Demy, N.G., (1961). Letter to the Editor, J. 2. Hunter, D., 'fhe and Co., Boston, 3. Selikoff, I.J., Churg, J., an~ E.C. Asbestosis 7\.mong Insulation Workers N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132: 139-155 (1965). 4·. Murray, H. M. , in Reoort of Compensation for rncfus trial Appendices ,1_nd. Inriex: c.d. London, 1907. Amer. Diseases of Occupa"ti.ons, 1969, p.1009. Cooke, 10. Sei]er, H.E., A Cas2 of of Asbestos Dust. Br.it. Pulmonary McVittie, Sci. 132: and Landis, Inhalation II.R.M., lfpon the Brit. Asbe~tosis, ------- 13. Securite Dull. of the Lungs due to the Med. J. 2:147 (1924). 9. 7'.. Little, Brown Occurence States, of Ann. des Ouvrier l'Inspect. from Rescir2tory Di.seases in Dusty U.S. Bureau of: L2.1~,or Statistics June, 1918, pp. 172-180. 178*, 179*, Pancoast, H.K., Miller, T.G. Study of the Ef fc~cts of Dust Roen t. 5: 12 9-13 8 ( 1918) . IIacl.dow, ncd. J. 530 Departmental CoTPmittee on Minutes of Evidence, 3495, 3496. Wyman and Sons, Hoffman, F.I,., Mortalitv Trad0s {Inoroanic-D\Gts), Bulletin23-i°, i·,ashington, 11. Ed.) l.75: D.1.scc1.se. 6. W.E., Asso. the Auribault, M., Note sur l'Hygiene et la dans les Filatures et Tissages d'Amiante. Trav: 126 {1906). 8. • Cooke, W. E. , Fibrosis Asbestos Dust. Brit. (4th Hammond, The in the United 140*, 152*. 5. 7. Med. Pneu.moconiosis. T-1r:!c1. J. 2:982 C. , CJ.inic~.l Aspects (J.929). 530* z_:580-581. J.C., Asbestosis 128-133 (1965), of P.csult (J.928). Pulmcn-'.lry in Great Dritain, 129*, 133* 14. Mcrewether, A Roentgenologic Lunqs. Amer. Inhalation Med. J. the of N.Y. J. of I:1024-1025 l\sbestosis, J\nn. 180*. (1927). Inlwlation B:ri t. Acad. E.R.A., The Occurrence of Pulmonary Fibrosis and Other Pulmonary J\ffcctions in J\shcstos tvorkc:rs, ,T. Inc1ust. Hya. 12: 19 8- 2 2 2 , 2 3 9- 2 5 7 ( 19 3 0) . 19 8 i: , 2 0 l * , 2 0 2 * , --2 4 3*~ 5 5 *~ "l"rfhese pages were quotcc1 in the text. �15. Compensa.tfon J\.ct. to be Fxtencl.ed to • Ass o . 9 4 : 2 0 7 8 * (June 2 8 , 19 3 0 } . -- J. Amer. Med. 90: 119~120 - 16. EditoEial, 17. Pulmonary 18. Pedley, F.G., Industrial Hygiene, 21: 576-577 (1930), 576*, 577*. 19. Sparks, 1249*, J.V., 1250*, 20. Soper, W.B., 21. Asbestosis, Pulmonary Asbestos, Asbcstois, J. J . .Amer. Pulroonary 1253*. Pulmonary Arner. Assoc. Med.· Pancoast, lnner. J. H.K. Roent. 23. Lynch, K.M. T\1.berc. 23: Asbestosii, 24. St~wart, H;L., of Two Cases, 25. Wood, W.B. 448 (1930). Amer. 26. Gloyne, T~bercle S. n., 14: an<l E.P. Pendergrass, 26: 556-614 (1931), S.R. Gloyne, 493, 27. Germa:1 Work on Pulmonary Pulmonary 643*. 28. Noc<l, N.B. and Eundred Cases, 17: Rev. Puhl. Health 1249-1257 Tuberc. Anat.orry and 550 (1933). of J. (1931). 22: 571* (1930) Pneumoconiosis, Ji.sbestosis Coleman, (1931), Pulmonary l\sbestosis, (1930}. Can. A Review 593* '1'1--c 1''.iorbid 445, 1431* (1928) A Review of Our Present Upon Roentgenologic Studies, Condition. American J. Roent. Bucher, C.J. and E.H. Arch~. Path. 12: 909-916 and 95: Radioloqy .Asbestosis, and H.A. Smith, 61,3-659 (1931), Asso. Asbestosis, Pancoast, H.K., and E.P. Pendergrass. ·Knowledge of Pneumoconiosis, Based with Notes on the Pathology of the 14:381 (1925). 22. Med. II, Asbestosis, 915*, 916* Asbestosis, Rev. Report Lancet Histology L~:i!:c_!. .Amer. 1: 445- of Asbestosis, I= 92-93 S.R. Gloyne, Pulmonary A~bes~osis, J,c:ncct 2: 1383·-J 38~ (193 1l), 1383"':, (1932), A Review 1384*. 92*, of 93"" One 29. 'Ellrnun, I'., PnJ.rn0nc1pr 1\sbcstosi s: Its Clinical, ~adiologicztl, and Patholo0ical F~Hture~, and Associ~tcd Pisk of T11berculous Infection, J .. Indust. iI';l_c!.· 15: 165-183 (1933), 1a1-1:, 182*. 30. 0 art Ellman, P., Pnc1unoc0niosis, Brit. J. 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Lung of States 8*. the Pulmonary l\sbestosis (1936), 149*. dcr the 9*. Occurring l'.~~:i-:-\·.:;tosis J.II: Carcinoma of Conc~r 2 t1: 56-6 4 ( 19 35) , J\sbesto~; Disease in the United _!:<::sp. _! (Suppl. 1): 7-24 (1976), 62. from Bulletin 667, ~dition), U.S . Asbestarbeiter, 1918-1975, Lung and Occurring Carcinoma, Ztschr. Krebsforsch. • �·' 65. ao~nig, F., Klinische der Asbestarbeitcr, 66. Baader, 67. Annual Report H.M. Stationery 68. Lynch, K.M. and Smith, W.A., Pulmonary Asbestosis V, A Report of Bronchial Carcinoma and Epithelial Mataplasia, Arner. J. Cancer 36: 567-573 {1939), 572*, 573*. -- 69. Koelsch, Zentralbl. Ge\'.rerbehyg. by Homburger in 1943}. 70. E.W., Betrachtungcn zur Ztschr. Krebsforscl1. Asbestose, Deut. Med. ,. -of the Chief Inspector Ofc., London (1939). Wach. 65: -- of Factories 32-33 {March 407-408 for {1940), the Desmeules, R. , et al., Med. 6: 97-108 TI941), A!-.i.iantose et 103*, 107*. 72. Hueper, '11homas, 73. Holleb, H.B. and Angrist, with Pulrnona:c:y Asbestosis, 74. nauer, M. nrbeit upd Gesunaheit Berufsl~ ranvJ-leTtcn Georg- 'l'hierne pp. 107, 157-1513:"" W.C., Occupational SpringfierJ", Ill. Tumors (1942), Cancers Year in 1938, U.S. der (1941). Pulmonaires, Laval and Alli8<l Diseases, 404*, 405*. A., Bronchiogeaic A.'Tier. J. Path. 193~ 17, {reported Linzbach, A.J ■- and W~dler, H.W., Deitrag zum Berufskrebs . Asbestarbeiter, Vi~chows Arch. Path. Anat. 307: 387-409 71. 75. 27: Frage des Berufk~ebses 47: 201-287 {1938). Charles Carcinom3 18: 123-131 C. in Association (1942), 126*. Die entschadiguncsi>flichtigen Publ.ic€1.~ion, Stuitg:i.rt, (1953) liueper,. W.C., Cancer in Its Relation to Occucation and Environment, ~r 2.c: .• 6-~-r...9 (T :1,... 1943) 66*, 69*.· Canc t Bull. Arner. Soc. Cor~_..E.· ---~:> ..., .., .. '-'-" ,;;; , , 11 76. h'edler, 575-576 77. Nedler, II .1v. , .l\sbcsi:osc und Bull. Hyq_. 19: 362 (1944). 78. H. H., (Aug. Asbes tose 6, 1943). Lungcnkre:-~bs, Lungenkrebs, IIrnnbu:cg~r, r., 'J'h~ Co-incidence ·and Puimonary l',sbest'.)sis, .l\mcr. 79. Editorial, Environmental (Nov . 2 5 , 19 4 4 ) . • 80. Kennnway, of Cancer 81. Cureton, R.J.R., the Lung, British 82. und Cancer, of Pri~wry J. Pnt~_. Deut.. ~~ed. Hoch ( 2bsl.ract 19: Ca,.·cinornv. 797-807 J. l\sso. of 69: article of the (1943), 126: 76) , L,•ngs 80-5*. 836* E.L., and Kennaway, N.M., .l\ Purthar Study of the Incidence of the Lung and Larynx, I3ri1=_. J. Cancer !: 260 (1947), 274°':. Merewether, E.R.A., • for the Year 19'17, Squamous Cell J. Cancer~: Carcinoma Occurring in Asbestosis 249-253 (1948), 250*. Annual Report Stationery II.H. of the Ofc., Cl1icf London, Inspector January, of of Factories 1949, 79--r;- �'W 83. LyJ>ch, :K.M. and Cannon, Nccropsied Cases, Dis. W.M., Asbestosis: Chest !_i: 874-885 84. and Cancer of the Asbestosis E<litorial, (August 13, 19 4 9) . 140: ·1219-1220*, VI. Analysis (1948), 882*. Lung, J. of Amer. 40 Med. Asso. 85. w.c., Hueper, (1951), 49-62 86. Tabershaw, I.R., Zone of Germany, Report A.M.A. Stoll, R., Bass, R. and Bronchogenic Carcinoma, (1951), 832*, 834*. 88. Owen, Case, 89. Behrens, Unfallmed. 90. Cartier, 5: 262 91. Hardy, H.L., Occupational ( 19 5 2 ) , 4 7 5 * . 92. Isselbacher, Bronchogenic Carcinoma J. Cancer Uber Klinik Eriefskrank. 93~ Weiss, A., ·gesichert, A. A. Angrist, A.M.A. Arch. Abstract Hygiene Western (1951). Lung: Asbestosis, (1952). A.M.A. New Engl. Report P~rch. J. ~ed. of bei Lungenashastose, 3: 93-94 (19?3). in d~s 382-391 vivo Dauchfclls (1954). a Z. Indust. 247: K.J., Jaaus, H., and Harc1y, H.L., Asbestosis Carcinoma, l'L111er. J. I-led. ~2_: 721-732 (1953), Plcurakrebs Hcdizinischc 20: Surg. Asbestosis Associated lvi th Intern. Med. BR: 831-834 Discussion, Medicine in the 298-315 i= Hy~. und Pathologic der 45: 129-140, 179-188 of Med. Indust. and Asbestosis of: the 5: 382-383 (1951). w., P. in (1952). C.ince"".', on Industrial Arch. Indust. 87. T.K., Brit. Lung Environmental 57'/f, 58*. Hyg. 473-483, and 729*, 730*. morphologisch 94. Leicher, F., Prirnarer Deckzellent\1mor Arch. Gewerbe~')u.th. ncuerbchyg. 13: bei Asbestose, 95. Bonser, G.M., Faulds, J.S., and Stewart, P1.J., Occupational Cancer of the Urinary Dlc:.i.dd,..,.r in Dyestuffs <)~sra l~i ves 2nd of the Lung in Asbestos Textile ,·:orl~ers and Iron-Ore Mirnc!rs. l\nier. ~1. Clin. Path. 25: 126-134 (1955), 131*. -- 96. Doll, R., J. In<lust. Mor·i:.a.J.i ty !1cd. 12: from Lung Cancer 81-06 (1955). ·97 .. Lynch, K. M. anc1 Prc1tt-Thornas, I-I. R., Asbestosis: Report of Two Additional .565-569 (1955), 560*, 569*. 98. Hueper, W.C., A Quest Into the the Lung, Pub1 ic I-real th Service Tr9 5 5 ) , • 3 6 * , 3 7 * . 99. O'Donnell, W.M. and the Pathogenesis of (1957). Mann, R.H., Dronchogenic in Asbestos Horkers, Carcinorni:l of t.hc Lung Cases, South Mo<l. J. Environmcntul Publication Asbestos: Carcinoma, Brit. in 48: Causes of Cancer of No. 4 52, \vas,hington An Extrinsic Amer. J. Factor in Path. 33: 610 �Anderson; the Lung, 101. Wagn~r, J.C., Sleggs, C.A. and Marchand, P., Diffuse Pleural .Mesothelioma and Asbestos Exposure in the North Hestern Cape Province, Brit. J. Indust. Med. l7: 260-271 (1960). 102. Keal, E.E., Asbestosis and Abdominal 1211-1216 (1960}, 1211*. 103. Smither, Asbestos 104. Mccaughey, W.T.E., Wade, Asbestos Dust and Diffuse 2: 1397* (1962). 105. Mancuso, T.F. Health Studies, _,,. J. and Campagna, F.A., Arch.· Environ. Health. W.J., Dust, 106~ Bu~hanan, Ann. N.Y. W.D., Acad. Gilson, Brit. Asbestosis 1: 27-32 of. 100. and Carcinoma (1960). Neoplasms, J.C. and W~gner, J.C., Med. J. ~: 119'1*-1195, Lancet 2: Mesotheliomas ·(1962). O.L. antl Elmes, P.C., Pleural Hesotheliomas·, Exposure Brit. to !•led. J. and Coulter, E.J~, Methodology in Industrial Arch. Environ. Health~: 210-226 (1963), Asbestosis Sci. 132: and Primary Intrathoracic 507-518 (1965). 107. Selikoff, Smoking, 108. Newhouse, M.L. and Thompson, H., Mesothelioma Peri toneu..--n Following I:}:posure to Asbestos in Brit. J. Indust. Med. ~2: 261-269 (1965). 109. Seidman, Exposure on Det. and 42*. Neoplasms, I.J., Hammond, E.C., ~nd Churg, J., Asbestos Esposure, and Neoplasia, J. Amer. l-1ed. 1\sso. 204: 106-112 (1968). of Pleura the London and Area, H., Lilis, R., and Sclikoff, I.J., Short-Term Asbestos and Delayed Cancer Risk. Presented at 3rd Int. Syrop. and Prev. of Cancer, New Yort, Api:-il-Hay, 1976. 110 .. Menck, H.R., and Henderso~, B.C., Occupational. Differences Rates of Lung Cancer, J. Occup. l-led. 18: 797-801 (19.16). 111. Selikoff, I. J., Paper presented Spring Harbor, 112. Stell, P.M. a!:d T. McGill, 2: 416-417 ( 19 7 3) . 113. Newhouse, M.L. and G. Berry, Lancet 2: 615 (1973). 114. \·lac:roner, ,J .K., Johnr~on, W.11. c:ind Lenten, R., Malign'1nt and Nonmu.l:i.gnant Hcspiratory Disease Mortality Patterns 1\mong Asbestos Prod,1cti0n Workers, in Congressional Record-Senate, March 14, 1973, pp. S-4660·S-4662. in C,mcer Risk of 1\sb2stos :r::::posure. .l'.bstract of at the Meeting "Origins of IIuman Cancer," Cold i·Jew York, September, 1976. Asbestos Asbestos an<l Laryng£al and Cancer, Laryngeal.Cancer, Lancet �V· 115. Lynch, J. ..T.R. and A:1cr, H.E., tlcd. 10:l (1968). Oc:=up. 1-16. Brodc• ..1=, P.., Expendah]e Measurement Americans, Viking of Asbestos Press, Exposure,. New York, 1974. 117. Editorial: Your ,Job or Your Life, ·Hea.lt.h/P.l\.C Rulleti;1- No. 50, Health Policy l\c1visory center, - New York, (.1,'larcn, .1973). 118. ~ot~lchuck, D. and Phillips, R., Asbestos Research: Battle But Losing the War, Health/PAC Dulletin ~o. Po~.icy Advisory Cen tor, New York, (November-December, Enterline, P.E. and H~nderson, Cancer in the Asbe:sto~-; Industry, 119. .,, Winning the 61, Health -19 7 4) . V., Type of Asbestos and Respiratory Arch. Environ. I-lealth 27: 312-317, (1973). i20.· Natural Resources Defunse Council and Cc~sumers Union, Petition· to the Consurn2r Product Safety Commission to Declare Drywall Patching Compounds Containing Asbestos to be Banned Hazardous Substances (July 15, 1976). 121. Asbestos Information Association, Response to Consumer Product Commission on Petition by Nat 1-~ra:.. Resources Defense Council, Inc. and Consumer3 Union of U.S.A., Inc. for the Promulgation of Rule Declaring Certain Patching Compounds to be Bann':!d Hazardous Substances (August 30, 1976). Safety 122. Anderson, Risk, An!:· H.A. ot ·n1., Household N.Y.··1:c~"d. Sc.~. 271: Contact 311-323 .l\.sbestos (1976). Neoplastic r 123. Scott, R., Muscle 174-203, (1974).- and Blood, E.P. 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Title A name given to the resource History of Knowledge of Asbestos Disease, 1977 Subject The topic of the resource Asbestos Occupational safety Iron & steel workers Shipbuilders Construction workers Labor movement Nonprofit organizations Maryland Maryland--Baltimore Public Health Description An account of the resource <span>A comprehensive history of the hazards of asbestos, including extensive information about decades-old reports, studies, and other information about asbestos, asbestos-caused diseases, links to cancer, and other health complications. </span> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Barry Castleman (Baltimore, Md.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived History of Knowledge of Asbestos Disease, 1977, Box: 21, Folder: 27. White Lung Association Records, R0156-WLA. 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Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. 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January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pennsylvania Station, Baltimore, Md. Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Stations, Railroad Gardens Description An account of the resource Color image of a view of Penn Station from a nearby garden Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Harry P. Cann & Brothers Company, Baltimore, Md. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939-09-29 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0320 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/46304f2292a17f2434a57078fb66c207.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=QmvcpcA89UBv4MgrSE7Co1eWjAMbqau-2lFqDZvncIJ7TnwuDYYcUWmaji1%7EA7VyVIPUqstwdECs11xRD78gp17YlpzBEWamB7bquUQ6hK-uM7MokSuqrpjLBsc1jHUCncAPgMaVvnlALt1HNw7VXh%7ENrQ67cdQ0vRoB4oHo4RRWVcKkxm3avAEqQ%7ET7FXra2x3HEpU-DdUuzJi3qFlMa3P7Y2qANmGfb15eoVZ%7EhLFbpdCQTl3Dgcleo9ju3c5rivQ%7EQhhQW2uNYBKqgQqAppkSI3C3XKC9NVzHh7fkX8pbzPp1KwRoYKYYnDoAkTlp%7ES0FkymskkYrZvBbP4NQzQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 580f95ead2f37c112f4f6eb034176418 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lake Roland Dam, Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Dams Trees Description An account of the resource Color image of a Baltimore dam surrounded by greenery Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource I. & M. Ottenheimer, Baltimore, Md. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1924-09-08 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0318 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/caf699e04d61d586a9b2e93c868013ec.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=WfNv8ayh3HFIvE5xsyPFkK8PZ5r1Q72%7Ey84vnFCaZqhk7qDMuDP0ZnF92tFXwryuPmNWbXZ-BPM9AuuctilA4dx7FKYZo6ayh42gwM3U6QGRVc3-Q8eWRYeHqJ5fmopp0qKOjFfKuxHuiv-dJm80pXpq6bikMz2M0l5UQ0Y7sxGMqEUj5UWrjbmm5G49V9r9VV94N2j9uFV2IUv3its3WbwAQYxcmuqXmORsSxIdKiF%7EzZVSLgzpWTaUGVHFd0md0ZhuFrKghKctOpV%7EYmNryZpVZADBuTgS28Vg-dLisXkMWfTEmuLkX6sy67kdXpo4s2HQp8atqWbIistRMDzFWQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6122d04ba3b75fe5384c12babab4c920 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource View of Lake, Patterson Park, Baltimore, Md. Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Parks Lakes Description An account of the resource Color image of a lake in a Baltimore park, with a few people enjoying the evening atmosphere Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource I. & M. Ottenheimer, Baltimore, Md. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1931-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0316 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/b4fbdf6f86ea71e3bca42390451d15f8.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=JzUpYy9VH7MrcRVwJX3zWafQSAo4N6pZaw8%7E%7EcJJ4StjjdoruoBMyj9pwXYYelr6zNvVzTtlmOPILjXVgaqixdYAYhkNyyTsxf%7E7M9hkENGUKoVVcgSLBAzedPp%7EfE5lRoInJH1aHc24Vec2XNt34tzMCKsg%7EbXwITZbyzLR6jRNZnaz1YQ14XCGVE%7EgWiOpC-rRZ%7ETpKQmsMMFPTgS7EUcFc8kgjC27FfrbYKVKBMxSE4yqYQR7uMGQASSoD6iCf1-p3irLFZ6bTAmKdE15b7xIqkP9bsIcAbAhZtLZqkE6eCt%7EoniKpXZu8vSKWzX0GfhYZGuDzsAGqi049TYjOQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f9875abfd0498fd59b1b8daffc88ebb3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 5th Regiment Armory, Baltimore, Md. Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Armories Streets Description An account of the resource Color image of a Baltimore armory, showing the brick and metal exterior Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource F. M. Kirby & Company, Baltimore, Md. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0314 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/4003fee0c8dde37abf84a09469150378.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=uaXxi8quSLgKyeFPzLB22-yruwHtfeHtl-mZIW0D0Ar5%7E7GUpjGsr241EArmKrkAwgFX-HmPgFOaTAVSCsMKjc3xZCROJ4AkXGchSzSI-BHwggdAXAbLSLo7lRBVcZ8mmGxfu2WqfzEQI9Ljp9UkFtVpfaU8-JGWxqjwWOmwERT6Wv006AfMRBqGywKZu9trqAR727mcPk8CAvPpexXZXwri8hkQVQOKWKXBYZnJ3hHjYDbqqug25rzv7G61AVR6%7ESjlKJjXe6k4LVyhK%7E4gdBV%7EeFOmHbv2BSS1Zbshr8pDTsbLXrB-bBkfTvNrkN0EQieSoTd71U4i%7EnvlTtxSUQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7f245869e01a691d44e30d4172470d25 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cannon at Historic Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Md. Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Forts & fortifications Rivers Description An account of the resource Color image of a Baltimore fort, showing cannons pointing out towards a river Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource I. & M. Ottenheimer, Baltimore, Md. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0312 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/8eeb131e90bbd68d0cffb1025a854390.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=J5XJN%7ExWX2eCzuEy8PHDTi9hNsXCoj5MLCqGls-lQebjq4ygWoC5EShUFGSDARV1FpabetlYRb8R5ZDhxRg5SwT-eow8H8KhWxPmNfQxhlqYeV23r0Fa39tX9K%7EsVXg1AIdOg%7ESSKMpK479gmTavykf8v2X%7EdobQkt542UP5AhkiWZht6OZ%7Egi-2G-T5tLdfdPrppGgepf86KD3V62vFlYlwGBc5An2qPOZXfRMJIquczNNTESd3p2ILxw%7EAVYFOJHPRmoNuY5u6DqP0qcpsMCRkDCPmjUGQiQWmU7jn7FBlMP3gIgqTDima02t0QQyslZ2RJpjjfO%7E18bQuWnsM%7Ew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 27207d97949e7d70fdbd21e50d1eae35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource City College, Baltimore, Md. Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Colleges Fields Description An account of the resource Color image of a Baltimore college, with a big grassy field in front Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource I. & M. Ottenheimer, Baltimore, Md. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0310 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/2a67c9c9f2a84125533bd42b6666364a.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=IWOi9sbkXXXctZRO-4PDnwMqDq2Nx6khBS5hOrg2zmabs4dhGwvb1aU5N8tJEDSJfbjpz9sBM1o49OUohhYbeikwQD8IYOMVEvDppFwZiJ6AOUJC1BYyci%7ExbM0hFitDqPt5ocR1I8Zn-axBSs3OE9A6c7xjM7oK1kcVXuf9GTZyinNoCUMhXo86buMJzgH8jiAk9-32kZm0M7nFT8yQCRNhlAz7zPJayIoXXRjVUef1wRKz4it-F4TN9tAm3XMbzOLwg70R1Gabpa2XMuWTVcWzmn1y8zP09JYYaNjeXcERfq4v1CGNWbfsF7CWGSjFSF5tElWUboc-LiCeBIAu%7Eg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6da8cc343e111d8bddec71ff6412f4ab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Greetings From William Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Buildings Streets Description An account of the resource Color image of a tall Baltimore building Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rinn. Publing Company, Baltimore, Md. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906-08-14 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0308 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/b13f5f22e75b5b372956ff548c3e09b2.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=u0ZoW%7ESMOQ3sitqISb6t-21C2AeX2cV1IuMqbZMA3K9ctcLxnTJsOK51af2Pmw9uIgQoo1T6F8Mrc2Ze0sy1AjG9UtnBQDg2EVCQOO0B%7EUB%7EY7hHuLHd5uyDU%7EcvCJUTx-2qL4phdyxLHHBnSK4BKoKh8b2ZnKM0RKAG8ejoVdatxNQ-H2kj9ueEvdsJd0atOUa%7ERDIPR2q9%7EaCV-a6R1n3NmXg%7EtduMT4hesJcMw3mbF%7EU7YL1bTJ7CxmadzSFXyTVtRMCLjTSQwRj%7EHyqFaOXTLOpkn4xaIHfnrszpx7GECakpqrApWyC77OFsayTW6aeckN%7EywCKx70HSbNd0Ww__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b2bc0cb7550f56f52beb5f36f12d4aec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Our Baltimore Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Forts & fortifications Monuments Description An account of the resource Color image of an out-at-sea view of a Baltimore fort, a view of a Baltimore monument, and a poem about Baltimore Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0306 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/e00f7f03f70e501a56e8300007746769.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=p2mAybfysmWZvTlwnkdDP3B3XOEWNalTmwcVOJwG5M4AVLVli0nJgr2gFbu7FWEp-M4Z6ad1MFaREXv9GxPSs3WMbuN2AGcjcw8jRjW69Ox2bAionxLdM8eGP%7ErBwEQy6fLRu7ANrPVSKTgZZ32P%7E8%7EUREUaijzezW-rx2pTYO%7EHLTR89D-vJrhWfJXjZ8BTlCZJ8%7EAB3BZN9FSIbFkrcxa2hwWCYEBaEoVtbu19XTxBp5-8jgoALUazJkVwHi1rkTUhXL7G5O41dG2IColEaBiUBpEZyGHO4Emz%7EUwQyvWtkBUQuG13kO6NVZoOVi6q2PwOr2XeEmtdV576spMDsg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8847c4c55d1cb4cd263f34236298053b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Maryland Casualty Tower Building Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Buildings Streets Description An account of the resource Color image of a tall Baltimore building Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource I. & M. Ottenheimer, Baltimore, Md. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1923-12-08 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0304 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/0281fb27904aacd214b08952e8d8b883.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=HyJQ5Yelt11e9Cm8qrCLyY0d4nDVpu-ILT2rNeDO9ophljpH11P5WDALJEArBRNY4InxckGkIp6Za4TtvcAuAD5Mprq3tFcg7QbVfOio4Yy5M7hqKzyT5saLhpTxYQERKV9uSkUxY%7EEIAWczESOsQU1-VntwpoCrF5%7EumhEPSasxyj45whLHBbyhCQ7iDIROidh1KXX%7Eb%7EVapVaSrw5LwM2DQcfpyJXshEHst7Mdcqt1Eynj76vAfjhD1uywuD77Bf3nYjzhAVi0pSPOI8k7DXY51UP%7EaSR89kZFpGgJ15pfkMvSr5xsaViVOV45mv87LmDqbs7gGMZeM2e4%7EMuKwQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7f961ce53b32b2b758b96c6112397eff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Teakle Wallis Monument, Baltimore, Md. Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Monuments Parks Description An account of the resource Color image of a Baltimore monument in a park Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909-01-22 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0302 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/d58e0d966dafe1ea11ecb5bf3cc4ba37.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=FW5sdwy62V9SsfJPEsh13Tetr6Dbjf%7EHrWMCvJSlp-okKFWL-LP2JvAwkurftwyUD7mE9iv91OXuAUqTi6WO3ozPpn9AnSv%7EGS1hoiWPNxFuw9ZSqFQDQpNUfhOF-H2XAcvdcpQJpy58aQ-zE0mfAwyOBoi26WLk26WwEv7ROPY6ySvAFF83MDkSQTPVgvOaTIR9aHsiCigM0%7EEPi9jawlN7amsXAy8KsbmbwJoBa6viiusrMXJzQnFiI4S38r2VNp4qvdiP8oRthg8Tc9Ls5FzZGx8FsNqOOz9FFDzQdjew-kwK1CoytHXgac4VxbQj9LW6OJh--nmq%7EKrIa1yShw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 216d5b587b75e72f122ab737ce58092f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 23 Wildey Monument, No. Broadway, Baltimore, Md. Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Monuments Gardens Description An account of the resource Color image of a Baltimore garden leading to a monument Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Chessler Company, Baltimore, Md. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1917-02-14 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0300 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/69aab96ac23715c9f71de13d60b81032.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=U5YokoAXOFbWktJTp8jaHB5j-lvPTSePp%7ESHBtcMZPqgU3avL4K5d%7E9cVmf5AMhfMCmRM1QR2QaJUkBM56VX1lQJUET4UkzDodGoRoiv2S0%7ED7%7EzYmE1Qs99GLWcCdwOfw9D7yzfBHu0JBYyHXtbcJzdZcukM4NyUK9wBiWHQb0zrysCJjTcu8%7EhCayo5V8OPAqH9kns3jZfKNz8IM8E9I2yy5khjFrrdOCKlsIPMA-H8FHX6VnJ2Yb3TcZHwnP-bX-TJU9263Px2X0nuE3bN86krUMBi9LuOUS2MupuCVHbS8grPmieB0Gw1gz3qTvNu0O3nzG4SRVskbfIvXuNVw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9d2aa396b1a7c07e70cd306e76e45df5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Washington Monument Mount Vernon Square, Baltimore, Md Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Monuments Description An account of the resource Colored image of a monument in a grass covered sqaure with houses on the side and a clear sky background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J. Theo Smith, Baltimore, Md. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909-08-31 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Postcard Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0298 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/95651682ba80d1a31c56cbc38e624695.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=kThYMoWhuvdB8sOe6hqLRP4nAZsNSwV5KwzAfORyFmmIMMBBKNkQE5jHYAr3eS6OYredwJIrSTaG691QhUkhnCLni2JPAKHA-DiJvRl8zIvFq5KApwr6gJnZagMSeuQ6ltVvzJADZJk-zppdbm7qBP0qapVk1icVV79di42nhzSUuCnzo%7EfjSaLw-eLTYax%7EP9c64rH5jQIVTLe85xBAcFV2wVH9C2s7VV6l93mv43Z44HCYqjcCz27g0wtDPTyC5xSxvF9wT2i0IdfXp2QgBQhGGmhptxllrqvlscMsKMuuWFth10Q1RFjNLdm1oRlnXU2R21J-9vR2IyxPeakLIg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6c429cf0f04600c9d322cff2d84ee2fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Post Office and City Hall, Baltimore, Md Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Postal service Streets Description An account of the resource Colored image of a city with a clear sky background Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1915-03-09 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0250 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/2550c6d7cf1f52475f043daf7b3f8fb8.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=cuZF4%7EzRhpQ7s8rqLcdM6c9kOpkZrWvjjnL%7E2mUEzvGiG3QuGmyiwSulxi4J13SadhGtbwY1QKzjprtFgfzouqMmEUmEw-BeXN-mvBoau4FPo6X3EfWLdRBcfPTcIFJI5eRxSbO8KRhS4HAy4-NgBSk9ekmHk3OpK9pO3u1ADIzvDDe%7Eg4MRUgAoDNy1MsRd5NPa3Mg20fpQ0ZIMgxLKUf7BqRzWWIAqyCfv0cVayzyciB0cw-2cCtqHj7%7EUUNIdwiUpCjjyKnNgI65RjFtCnkMMbbaWLan8yn7UTOsjSrbbMmctJMxsyigPclRTuK5M5w2dWllIfNJseThlH7VFgQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 64ff7a19c177bddf425ac7404154d7cd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lexington Street Shopping District, Baltimore, Md Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Shopping Streets Description An account of the resource Colored image of a street with people walking around and carts going down the street, and a clear sky in the background. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1908-08-27 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Postcard Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0294 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/ad95955f34e194cad26840268dea7f32.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=uKBFH6R17eNthyALQBFXEq1jwdRuOPrHPJcSpQ9q7-rLcDD5RfUyN2FKP3G7jpKCkYZ3-lJw7ZR-Sm85qQsp9GAvukn4YGobKcGnNalimCLjgeJv-mi2TuWA4cmFBvMsoIQt7%7ECIeij%7ETtRylMAL-nOXpL0q6u8PU6UEy7spmOgLprV5q8o59Vj5MjhkL6xnjpRgu9fuiBSr1q332qSGzJa%7EUU7qRMmyN2OasPMkuexcyMRXtMRsjgbGviaXynjnyEAhzfqV-zM0bZaZ46qAfQro7-UxEMFp2Oo0uRghyB5XO7BMp4-PJii6SLJE3s99bafZ5BDjq0zDUe41O0SX1A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM be5295534e38218e263ad196a0e27050 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lexington & Eutaw Streets, Baltimore, Md Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Markets Women Description An account of the resource Colored image of women walking in the street through a market with buildings behind them and a clear sky in the background Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Publishing Company Baltimore Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1906-08-14 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0292 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/8ceff77854a052cb9becffaf372aa5d2.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=o8%7Ekb5KQSpwAuNPGOnyNuSOjIpzck9EooPO9pD3wQ7bD-4yEGPZVcTWl9ZPwVliGXH5xzzNN0hduM-0wUkIwHt2Ln0LyiWYYDW6B5dRYtA5FhmvSFu00UFlHFb0BqxJ6hpJ24LsJltCSfQDSEHZf8BTpeYXvpcS-hLAoTZ8hW0zsw5c-48D6M7QqzD1hDjcqPCpiG05SZ7sYFywnf7ZZFtN53ZbGgK1RHXK9nYEr7w8WXKvuqJrr8xL212B5u6V5U3fsbPkKKdcIr0-9B%7EXTzxqTcMh%7E7cOH1Gu59mWl2kadQPwXSvmArIoWJCXpy1dnnuDkPzK3pkeMoHWxivFoSg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 70f1661dcd59c8f390ecb74ac361d880 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Stadium, Baltimore, Md Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Stadium Football Description An account of the resource Colored image of an American football stadium Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Union News Company Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927-11-24 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0288 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/e56268ab685ddf7c054773733d700fc4.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=jtseCRIN1aZ295QnkC0nfgkZ4nEMN9cHZRndc09U1SBhKLkSZGVoI1RNH8n6qmDrAG-OttQtVcd4YWPOJIfI6i6MwycgDqEthnj9qXqe7IptmBNJRnebp95jIZ5MjTeeL%7EdD%7EYe6AwoK-yxzdGf09hZkqXJzPPhTzUfM%7EHOpWYZsDligWolHAgK1f%7EySokvQA4gBpu6uuTOEIkVEJ-FOSCiSbCnqv5MmNvlxoNxZ0tDthknatchTqc6F3SKSbgSQbLZIX6hvL-hXS9Hh-Axg6jwhaOV8WNsAeTqdwkLDjiht043V1P8VVetBVEYEP2Fp2qk%7EkuTUNZWJAsyngDyvgg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 718602d12e4598b396b6d9ff706ea147 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Greetings from Baltimore, Md Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Monuments Description An account of the resource Colored image saying "Greetings from Baltimore, MD" with four different famous locations Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource I. & M. Ottenheimer, Baltimore, Md. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0286 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/e352b1aff1baa8fa6266e5f8d302f502.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=H%7ENUhBHIBgJMn1sODu9Lp5NUnESqhCJVn2IwXVx0nB4%7EU5DLjyXW49l29GT9F2XFtHlDonPhSiCtrURRZuI0y6B7xujGjuWgv4chEExj-BVjaoa7FFRHS8MFIdTowi7vh-jk5RrBPpn4FAoYe-BttMWxXA412a6n-550jfzn4nqEyZZABZNvYE%7Eyt2UwHhjnLtJymSXw65iAx21pxQBJsJ7h8FS7C%7EJV6yaSXKKRnUK5FTYnAHeudY1xJnjNkNcuTeWzQ9ImUkq8EoUVTLQHG8vkiDhVK1daCkL5A2MmquhAmCTMNwESHQ2ak-J5AcwhBRsxguXVWAR5r0aNpi5yYA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 93afe20abe28ff6f816224b545b0d3e2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Greetings from Baltimore, Md Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Description An account of the resource Colored image saying "Greetings from Baltimore Md" with lots of colors. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Curt Teich A Company, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979-09-16 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0284 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/6ecc67e4942217368f6483b4c57e4894.jpg?Expires=1773878400&Signature=fXp9%7EzEPmlVhExOcU89jlhKVD1pB9cZypKX0T1zsHZj50ZsyCNQ4rmiUlU7AxP%7EEZ6-nDuiqz6gxU1oGL-ec49AGoanAVm7p9F9Q1tOQ5oDaNuMe2O5rypjfFWcLsxLEQ2SKsRrfE9uFJV3wb5qWNBu4j%7EpTIoFgi7hBASR%7E%7EmjGSsGRep3V7m4Nl8ElxxuZx3Ft-kTlKpZCGMgjfeoSTTdRfef84yXxQJfKuO2MbVXN-aALmPREIN27Evi%7EzsIAmv-smYWCCSaLxU-vCHx0IohOMgOUCP6B7RjGxNeXCufcWtZIsZmvr1jwzR9ZFnCjPsVQXmMeJR94I1hEbBOadA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3a6a138a8a6cd2b2231f0b154badbd6d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baltimore Postcards Description An account of the resource Historic postcards of Baltimore City Subject The topic of the resource Maryland--Baltimore. Postcards Buildings Streets Monuments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections and Archives, University of Baltimore.</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1900-1950 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpegs/still images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still images Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2026 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Digital collection created by Maggie Coulbourn, Static Collum, and Willow Meir (interns 2026) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Peabody Conservatory of Music, Baltimore, Md Subject The topic of the resource Postcards Baltimore (Md.) Conservatories Conservatories of music Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a brick building with a walkway leading up to it and a clear sky background Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The photo studio process, Troy at 21st St, Chicago, IL Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baltimore City Historical Society Records Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Digital version made available by the University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use of the images in this digital collection/exhibit is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcard Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context bchs-pc-0282