1
12
14
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e43cc63b3e90de1c1c640d536888fa00
PDF Text
Text
An Appeal to YOU fromNATIONAL ALLIANCE OF POSTAL EMPLOYEES (NAPE)
BALTIMORE COUNTY LEAGUE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
ANTI-POVERTY ACTION COMMITTEE (APAC)
THE MARYLAND STATE CONFERENCE OF THE NAACP
Mrs. Juanita Mitchell, President
(partial list of endorsers)
.
CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY (CORE) James Griffin, Chairman
(sponsor)
-to fulfill a maior pledge made during the-
MARCH ON WASHINGTON
TO BEGIN
Marching Against Segregated
HOUSING IN BALTIMORE
OD
SATURDAY, AUGUST Z8th, .965 and
SUNDAY, AUGUST Z9th at • p. m.
from
LAFAymE SQUARE (Lanvale and Carrollton) in BALTIMORE
_ _ _ Thousands of Negroes are denied equal opportunity in housing
__ . Thousands of Negroes are being exploited in over-crowded. over-priced
structures in destructive ghettos
_ . _ Thousands of Children are subjected to unequal education because of
de facto segregation in schools - based on segregated housing
We Demand:
- Decent Housing
- Immediate Open Occupancy
- Better zoning laws to stoo the mushrooming of apartment developments in Negro neighborhoods
- "Open Occupancy" spelled out in all real estate advertising
- Negroes employed as agents in "white" sample homes and apartments
If we really want FREEDOM and EQUALITY NOW, we must join
hands to abolish discrimination in housing NOW-
CORE: 2316 W. NORTH AVENUE
669-6034
B. Mills [367-7126) Roscoe Herring and Walter Carter (LA. 3-1085)
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Urban Renewal Files
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit presents documentation related to Baltimore's urban renewal efforts during the 1960s. The files include correspondence, speeches, editorials, newsletters, flyers, and maps from Baltimore City and Baltimore County. Renewal plans for the neighborhoods of Bolton Hill and Mount Vernon are highlighted, along with responses from neighborhood residents and homeowners' associations.
The complete Urban Renewal Files (URF) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 5 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 20 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="http://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<p><a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/111" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Urban Renewal Files</a></p>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="http://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1961-1965
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
text/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
R0124-URF
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
2019-09
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
20 documents
Subject
The topic of the resource
Urban renewal
Maryland--Baltimore
Neighborhoods
Eminent domain
African Americans
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Marching Against Segregated Housing in Baltimore
Description
An account of the resource
A circular from the Baltimore's Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) advertising a protest march against segregated housing
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965-08
Subject
The topic of the resource
African Americans
Segregation
Civil rights
Demonstrations
Discrimination in housing
Race discrimination
Congress of Racial Equality
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Congress of Racial Equality
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
urf01.01.09a
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Urban Renewal Files, series I, box 1, folder 9, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
African Americans
Civil rights
Congress of Racial Equality
Demonstrations
Discrimination in housing
Race discrimination
Segregation
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/41fbf40ffdd06649657d2bc5535aaf50.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=aGZj6-iT%7EaARxCCqbnwOXl5eEt-XqmchAmdqkd25TIGNAKzSskWDnhR5uYAKz7oPn7sWliuSYi0LkCYMEck03SQztsqL6jBkYjwzS3j5e22aK%7EnfD5%7EXQhHNGRstvSNbe1-yv2hLRHJ4%7E3Ghoo4mDg8BsrLm0tueKkHWkhvOzNpmDliodPXS-zDRC7hU1w7Ai35mikkCQlwDsOjIoSIoy2Azy0oVWcX3bg6n3JE9C7JMZzly7nRM89Yz%7EScD2U51XW1LfPfkeVDTxpoaV%7EkLZsMRD7XPt3R5aRM0zyiVJHPdUX2n7UiBSn52jfNZ5SDJH0PKXdZ6EbxsONvvNaV4DQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
604faa5898c71d883f7f5cf27a7dd312
PDF Text
Text
Let ' s ALL JOIN Hll.NnS and. Announce to the V
Jorld
with Proud Heart and Clear Conscience that
America Reall y Stands' for FREEDOM .and EQUALITY
------FOR EVERYONE - ---- - NOW
.l _
.-
CORE 110USING COMMTTTEE IffilNSLETTER
.. -.
_ '...
---"'-
~
.... J fuen · President Johnson ' signed ·theVbting · Rights .. Bill . on .. . .,
Fl'~-clay , August 6 , another important milestone was passed i n extending Federal legal backing to the Negro ,·s .e fforts t o .. a chieve"- ..... "'''.
his right f u l place in the mainstream of American ..society.
His
···efforts are now backed with l e g islation 'in the fie l ds of···education, public accomodation, · employment , voting ,and . the War on
.- . . '
Poverty.
CORE has been one of the l eading civi l rights ' group s
whose 'activities in each of the·se areas have finall y produced
these important l e g islative a ct ions.
....
,
.~
.
. . Housing is the . one remaining fie l d that has" barely been '
touched by federa l, state or loca l legi slation, yet it wi ll
almost certainly be the most difficult field .in which to es .. tablish equal op portunity without l e g islation.
It is . far" more
comp'l ex in structure than most of the others --.involving financial
institutions .• builders, owner syndicates., realtors , rea l estate
managers , politicians and other vested inte re sts. ..But viha tever ......
gui 's e it hides behi nd , i t is still SEGREGJ>.TION.
·I tt·s , .up to us
to penetrate those guises . - - TO . OPEN THAT DOOR -- NOW•
... . .
< •
~,
-. .
Housing , of course , touches a ll of our pe rsonallive-s .. ' ..,
more "clo s-ely than the other a reas -- it l iteral ly ·brings the
".
prob l em. "home " .and f orces each of us to examine deep l y his . own
, .. ..
value·s and beliefs.
Housing rep resents faT more than a mere'
. physical: shel ter -- i t represents our v e ry status in society... .
. '" ... ' ..
The neig hborhood and the home form the hub of our \-rarl d where
· we can unbend and be our3elve s -- "the locale of family l ife and .... · .
It creat es aJi :i.riti .
·of . iritormal , intimate social. relations ".
macy of rel'a t i onship wi th one ' s surroundings not nee·e:ss.: i,tated-..by..··
contac ts at work , a t school or in more forma l organiza, ti,onal
groups .
IS THIS W HOUSI'NG ·IS "PR 0V11JG THE MOST .RESISTANTOF
HY
ALL FIELDS TO DEMA~S FOR EQUAL RIGHTS?
For the Negro, this same ' coin has another s·ide. · · As ' De:ws' .. ...~ ....
M Entire points out in' RES IDENCE AND RACE, "Imposed segregation
c
. "c o=otes not mere l y- diff.e renee but .inferiori ty of the segregatoo· ..
group.
W
hen individuals or g roups are 'exclUded from .a neig..hOOrhood , the inescap able .imp l ication is 't<hat they are qonsidered -' -".". _..
not ,f it to live there.
Since the ch a r ac·ter 'o f neighborhoods
.. carries c orresponding implicat'ions about the character and woirth ..... ·"
of the residents , the . minority ·g roups are further stig)1litized. by
t he obvious inferiority of th e.ir residence areas. Compulsory ....
segregatjon is , therefore, an unceasing pub l ic announc'ement of
the separatenes s 'a nd ' inferior ' status of the. minority group s . "
I "c oul d put it no more aptly than. my son' did at fo1:lI' years " old '"
when he asked, "1iI' hy.do Neg ro e s live all bun.ched up togethe r?
It' 8. . just like they were al l c aught in ,a l asso. " And ..now the
bui1.ders' are trying to make that lasso .ev en mo re S·9Cur.e by
c irc l ing the o l d ghetto with a n ew, "quality", middle-c las.s
ghetto-but still a· ghetto-- still in the l asso • . It cannot be
....-.
. ,allowed to continue• . '
-
Tt' we don ' t sudaenl y want to discover that W
atts ' is not
3000 · mil es away in Los Angel es but ri ght outside our door i n
BaTtim'Or.e , we muftt start to disentang le·- -no, to cut--that l a s so
-- NOW.
The Future ' hea lth 'and vitality of our cities ' d'epend on .-.
effective dese g regation.
W can never really Solve the problems
e
of seg regated schools, recTeational facilities , pub lic accomodations , etc. or r es olve the differential tre atment in. the
supply . of innumerable connnun ity servic es until large- scale proThe
g ress is made in the field of an open housing market.
Negro mus t be fr ee to bid in t hi s market according ~o .. h~s
ne eds and ability to pay , unhrunpered by a ll t he a1't1f1c1a l
restrictions he f a c es today.
�CORE thus accepts that the Negro can never be truly free
so l ong as he is denied the traditional fr eedom taken for granted
by a ll others in l~erica , except ing only crilllinals and aliens, to
move when he like s and to choose fr eel y his p referred plac e of
residence accordi ng only to his needs , tastes and pocketbook. As
a consequence , this summer , CORE has followed many months of intensive study . of segregated housing , in all its gu is e s, with direct
a ction in the field • . . ' 11 try to summarize briefly some of these
~Vle
.ac tivities.
.
.
~.
have b een made ~ and are continuing to ge t both 'the
.Efforts 1
Real ' Estate Boards of Maryland and Greater Baltimore to clarify
t heir positions regarding "open occupancy " l egislation and the
real meaning behind their defense of the sell er ' s "property rights"
in this c onnection. Despite their oft- repea ted support of this
right , there seem to be only two realtors in Balt imore 1IIho genuinely will sell to whomever the seller wishes, without regard to
race. fl.,ll the other real tors refuse to sell to. Negro ' s in areas
that are now aJ l white whatever the wishes of the seller may be.
Is t his protecting the se.ll er ' s rights , or arbitrarily imposing
upon the seller what: the realtor regards as r ight?
Pressure' has been put on the Mayor , so far unsuccessful l~
to make a Negr.o appointment to the City Zoning and Appea ls Board.
CORE beli eves 'this to be mos t es s ential because of the effebt
zoning decisions can have on the charac't er of a neighborhood.
In
the past , the Negro ' s interests have not . been represented and
rarely even considered in decisipns affecting wh ere he lives -hence his very life. At the sam e time , great effort and expense
are going into poverty programs deSigned to cha~ge cond itions
at l east partly of our own creation. Closely connected with this
problem'of the deteriorating neighborhood , a CORE housing sub committee is making an effort to fo rm active Neighborhood Asso ciations which can speak with some authority for their area and
p r event some ' of , the more blatant viol ations of their neighbor hoods -- e. g., zoning excep tions p ermitting bars anc;l. taverns , conversions of ~unsui tab l e houses to multi- dwellings , over- builcling·
of new apa:btments which add to over- crol'!ding as well as further
intensifying s egregation and so forth.
Efforts a lso are currently being made to f ,orce the f:'iayor
to clarify the position 6f jl10rton I'.:a cnt , director of the who l e
Baltimore Poverty Program, on segregation. riiacht is clos ely connec·ted v/ith two larg e organizations , W
elsh Construction Co. and
Regional r,;anage'"nent , both of vlhich consistently discri.minate in
a ll their sale s and rental in housing throughout the Baltimore
area.
(And , incidentally , his son Philip , another illlportant mem- ,
ber of these same organizations is on the City School Board. ) I t ,
is difficult to b~li eve that he is the appropriate person to direct
a major program aimed at changing a whole set of val'ues and circumstances' in the l arge se@1lent of our population now forced to live
in ghetto s which are at l east par tly of his creation. Another
CORE housing sub- committe!3 is trying to establish some liason nith
the l eaders of the poverty program to enab le CORE to determine
what , if any , policy they have regarding housing in particular
vIi thin the total program. A pos'itive p lan that vlill not only
b etter housing condi tions but " reverse the trend toward more ' intensive segrega tion that has be en taking p l ace in the la s t tv/o
decades is of vital importance a t this time if we are to prevent
a widespread racial exnlosion in Baltimore.
CORE ' s prime atta cK on the evil s of segregated housing in
the outer city and metropol itan area has been directed at the
Apar tment House Owners As sociation of Maryland. As long ago as June 1964, CORE made its first of many attempts to contact both
individual apartment owners and managers and representatives of
the Apartment House Own ers Association. They had hoped to ob tain
co- operation from these individuals in determining the nature and
extent of discrimination against Negroe s in the Baltimore metropolitan area and possible ways of 8nl icably'achieving more integra tion. V
lith r are exc ep tion, al l these letters we re completely
ignored--not even the courtesy of a reply--until July of this year •
-
.
�\
3
At that time a group from CO
RE, together with representatives fm!lll1
a number of other human rights groups , presented the Ass ociation
with a li st of seven proposa l s regarding the a dop tion and implementation of a policy of voluntary open occupancy now in the renta l
of a ll t heir apartment units.
Following this presentation , a meeting wa s held with representat i ves from the Apartment House Owners Asso ciation on July 29
to discus s the proposals. After this meet ing the Association pUblicly a nnounc ed their supp ort for me tropolitan or sta te open ocaupancy l egisl ation and the members expressed their willingness to
hel p win the support of the public for such legisl at ion.
( These
points had been a part of t wo of the p roposa ls.) The Association
spokesmen made it cl ear, however , that they were "afraid" to
support city legi slation until after at least Baltimore County
had passed open occupancy leg islation there -- a sequenc e that is
obviously out of the question. CORE appreCiated this slight
chang e of pol icy on their part but obviousl y cannot sit back
now and wait for this unlikely occurence or vIe mi ght be waiting
until doomsday. li/e must continue to press for voluntary adoption
of open occupancy policies now.
( See article in the Sunday Sun,
August 8. )
A second meeting was held with the same group on August 10.
No fur ther progress was made. Despit e an admissi on by the delega tion that leade rs of the organization could probably influence
their owners to voluntarily desegregate if approa ched personally ,
they declared they "didn ' t have the time" and "it wouldn ' t work
anyway ". They rep eat edl y emphasized how scared they were about
the future of Baltimore. They expressed a wish to continue t a lki ng at future meetings but CORE rejected this unl es s they c ould
p roduce an agenda with new ideas that were worth discussing. They
left saying they Vlould do so but have not yet contacted CORE again.
Hence , the negotiations having obviously broken down, CO
RE
is proceeding wi th a stepped- up program to desegregate housing now.
Having been requested by the asso ciation to help "educate the publ ic" ,
we enter this next , and probably most vital, stage of our efforts
with this in mind.
Together wi th numerous othe r interes ted organi zations who are endorsing our effort s -- NAACP, National All iance of
Postal Emp loyees , Baltimore County League for Human Rights, American Labor Council, and the Anti- Poverty Action Commission--CORE
now proc eeds with its own method s of "active education" and
"creative tension". Following two Sundays of planni ng a nd minor
ski rmishes , the real kick- off in this ne\7 pha se will begin at
1 p. m. , Saturday , August 28 , from Lafayette Square at Carrollton
and Lanvale Street. From there we will proceed to our pre - desig nat ed target. Keep in touch with our housing commit t ee if you
\~ish to be kept abreast of this campaign.
,Ie can use your encouragement and active support now more than ever before. If you
have friend s or any other contacts who mi ght be interested in this
report , pl ease be sure to pass this newsletter on to them.
Baltimore CORE
2316 W North Ave.
.
Bal timore 16 , M
d.
W
alter Carter
Hou sing Chairma n
Barbara JHill s
Housing Committee Memb er
�AN APPEItL FOR SUPPO
RT
CORE has made an effort to outline brie fly for you our
efforts so fa r in the field of housing be ca use because vie knOV
I
that you have in the past sh own some interest in integrated
housing and expr esse d a willingn ess yourse l f to live i n a mixed
neighborhood. Because we are now at a stage in our a c tivities
when we can cons tructively use t he assis tanc e of every individua l
vlho is willing to come forward , we I'lish to apreal to y ou personal l y
to tal{e that next step forvJard and join us in our efforts. There
are a number of different ways you can he l p and your cho ice can
depend upon the depth of y our O
l'm commitment , the time you have
availa ble , and your oIVn evaluation of hovi you can make the greates t
contribution.
Firstly , you may \~li sh to bec ome an active CORn: member and
help to pla n an d partic inate in a ll our efforts o r in those which
int ere st you most.
Our gen eral membership mee ting s are ge n er a lly
he l d on the 2nd V
lednes day of every month at 8:3 0 p. m. a t the Yif'ICA ,
1927 Madison Avenue , a nd on the L~ t h nrednesday at Knox Pre sbyterian
Church at BroadvlaY and Gay. You are a ls o invited to a ttend these
me eting s even as a non-member. Contact one of the housi ng c ommitt ee members to c onfirm these meeting dates and a l so to l earn
the da t es of our housing comm ittee me e tings if you would like to
join us a t t he se.
Se c ondl y , you c ould b e of gr eat assis tance to us by sending personal l e tt ers to builders , r ea ltors , and arartment house
manage rs declaring your support for op en occup a nc y now and encouraging them to adopt such a p olicy in t heir business prac tic es
even without t he compul sion of l egis l ation.
Thirdly , you could v isit n evI housing and apartme nt deve l opments.
If whit e , you could ask those Vlho show you around whether
they Vlould accep t a Negro app licant and notify us r ega rding the
various r ea cti ons you encounter and a t "'hi ch deve l opment s .
If
Negro, your very p r esenc e at new developme nts vlill he l p the
builder s and managers realize tha t there a re Negroes a ctivel y
int eres t ed in housing outside the ghetto e s . Visiting developments
can b e fun too a nd help a cqua int you lI ith t h e ki nds of houses and
apartments now being built. \.fe I'lould lik e to hear fron you re gar ding the kind of re c eption you exp erienc e a t these dev e lopment s .
Drop u s a not e a t Baltimore CO
RE, 23 16 i'f. No rth Ave., Baltimore ,
Maryland 21 216.
Fourthly , you may wish to make a f inanc ial contribution.
As our a ct i viti e s are increasing , so , of course , a re our ne eds
for funds. Your contributiiDn is n e e ded noVi and would be gre a tly
a ppre c iated.
Lastly , if you would j us t take a moment to expres s to us
again, in writing , your continued interes t in and desire for op en
occupancy i n housing throughout me trop olitan Ba lt imore , this Vlould
it self l end support and enc our agement to us as we p r e s s forward
in this area.
I f you have frie nds or other conta c ts that you fee l would
JOJ.n you in supporting COnE in any way , p lea se pass t his a ppeal
on to them on our behal f .
If you should re c eive this Appeal and
are a l ready a memb er or have made a contribut ion, we shoul d ap p reciate a not e reminding us of this fa ct. CORE i s curr ently re vising and t rying to up - date its membership , ac tive par tic ipant ,
and mailing lists. I'le sha ll l ook forward to hea ring fr om you soon.
Contributions , memb ership s , exnressions of s upport , and
reque s ts for a dd iti onal informa t i on can be sent to t he CORE
office , 2316 W North Ave., Ba lt imore 21 216 or c/o ilITJrs. EdVlin S.
.
l:iills, 2307 Crest Road, Baltimore 21209.
VJal te r Ca rt er
Housing Chairman
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Urban Renewal Files
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit presents documentation related to Baltimore's urban renewal efforts during the 1960s. The files include correspondence, speeches, editorials, newsletters, flyers, and maps from Baltimore City and Baltimore County. Renewal plans for the neighborhoods of Bolton Hill and Mount Vernon are highlighted, along with responses from neighborhood residents and homeowners' associations.
The complete Urban Renewal Files (URF) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 5 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 20 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="http://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<p><a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/111" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Urban Renewal Files</a></p>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="http://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1961-1965
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
text/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
R0124-URF
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
2019-09
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
20 documents
Subject
The topic of the resource
Urban renewal
Maryland--Baltimore
Neighborhoods
Eminent domain
African Americans
Text
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Original Format
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Paper
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Title
A name given to the resource
CORE Housing Committee Newsletter
Description
An account of the resource
A newsletter from the Baltimore Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) chapter regarding open housing in the Baltimore metropolitan area
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965
Subject
The topic of the resource
African Americans
Segregation
Discrimination in housing
Race discrimination
House buying
House selling
Real estate business
Civil rights
Congress of Racial Equality
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Carter, Walter and Mills, Barbara
Publisher
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University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
Type
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Text
Format
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application/pdf
Identifier
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urf01.01.07
Source
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Urban Renewal Files, series I, box 1, folder 7, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
African Americans
Civil rights
Congress of Racial Equality
Discrimination in housing
House buying
House selling
Race discrimination
Real estate business
Segregation
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/32df56a25bc88945a24fc00e6f00e4fa.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=rLuMLy-L%7EEB4MUFcqZgjue%7EWl5LtH3VbkLZSvUa05Yk-gOY8vUxbtwXdBNoNUbN%7E8T%7E383JTFdOsm9Bnx-An8T0YAq8VqBdGwhzNZC8IGaFu4FqxKMMSNdeyedGNb5Z2Ztpf0uj11CBXwfUNyFRCOKofL3upJA0NZoL3sPecdBsaKwxyCAGh8CKrTFIay5yLg3ZAcMzrkAWyC8hCkPL5br8blZ7hAYfFeiczLESTM5KKE-q6WXXaAtRNeKwU7eWEbRdhKqkr1duVZq0%7EtFy%7EBk89Cjj1CNsIqrsxnn42hjtu6SdxQpfYnRVTCjEB5X%7ElVlhohc4sXhpS9BE%7EU36cJA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
069f896697f1d457fd79012d1f4c79dd
PDF Text
Text
BALTIMORE NEIGHBORHOODS, INC.
32 W. 25th Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218
( 24 3-6007)
Five Cents
(0
retation of Title VIII
'ederal C vi
ill
***********************
The Federal Civil Rights Bill was signed ' into law on April 11, 1968.
The Law goes into "effect in stages. Immediately covered are FHA and VA
financed multi-family projects and new homes. Beginning January 1, 1969
multi-family housing and new constructior conventionally financed are
covered (exempted are single-family, owner ' occupied homes and structures
having :a¢commodations for not more than four families ·where the owner
oc~~p1es one of the units).
After December 31, 1969, 1.e., beginning
January 1, 1970, the Law applies to the sale or rental of single-fam1ly
homes unless the house is sold or rented without the services of a real
estate broker or of a person engaged in the business of sel11ng or renting
of dwellings, and also without public advertisement in violation of the
provision in the Bill on discriminatory advertisement.
The following questions and answers were prepared by the Realtors
Committee of ~he National Association.. of Real Estate Boards
(4/18/68) and represents ,an interpretation of the Law from NAREB's point
of view. Their presentation follows:
Washing~on
1.
ested* b a readin
Some uestions and their answers
ating to forced housing
of Tit e VIII of Public Law No. 90A. SCOPE OF THE 'ACT
Q.
This is 1969 and I, a real estate broker, have a listing of a
home for ·sale. A non-white purchaser expresses an interest in purchasing the home and I present the purchaser to the owner who refUses
to sign a sales contract. The purchaser files a complaint against me.
What is my defense?
A.
You have not violated the law. Neither has the seller. His home
is exempt ' from the operation of the law during 1969. Beginning January
1, 1970, his home would still be exempt, except that he cannot engage
a broker after that date if he wants to preserve freedom of contract
for .himself.
2.
Q.
r,
sJppose the above facts are present but the date is after January
1970. Have I violated the law?
No, you have not violated the law because you have not discrimiA.
nated. The seller could be accused of discriminating on the grounds
of race, color, religion, or national origin while at the same time
using the serv.ic~s of a broker.
*The answers are based on the application of ordinary mean1ng to the language of the statute. Because of the unusual legislative procedure followed
by the Congress 1n developing and enacting Title VIII little reliance can
be placed on legislative history. Ultimately, the maqrambiguities in the
Act will have to be resolved by the courts.
(over)
�-2-
3.
Q.
It is October 1968 and a home owner, whose home is security for
a mortgage insured by the Federal _
Housing Administration, executes
a listing contract with me. Is his home covered by the new federal
open occupancy law?
No . Any "single- family house sold or rented by an owner" is
A.
exempt from the provisions of the law. This exemption is without
qualification except that after January 1, 1970 he may not engage a
real estate broker or advertise indicating any preference based on
race, etc . , if he chooses to discriminate. The fact that purchaser
is assuming an existing FHA-insured or VA- guaranteed mortgage, or is
financing the purchase price with a new one, does not place the transaction in any different category than conventionally financed home .
All are exempt.
4.
Q.
A home owner desires to sell his home and wants to preserve his
right 0f freedom of contract. He posts a sign saying "For Sale by
owner - Broker inquiries invited." I have a prospect but before dis closing him I ask the seller to execute a listing contract to assure
me of a commission should ~he sa l e go through with my purchaser .
Have I violated the law if the listing contract and sales contract
are executed?
A.
No . The home owner and his home are exempt up to the momen t
ne exec utes a listing contract with you, the broker. After he executes such a contract with you it is unlawful for him to discriminate
on the grounds of race , color, religion, or national origin . Since
there has been no discrimination after execution of the listing con tract neither you nor the owner has v iolated the law. The fact that
he may have discriminated prior to his engaging you as a broker is
immaterial.
5.
Q.
Suppose a home owner decides to sell his own home because he
wishes to reserve the right to reject a purchaser on the grounds of
race, color, religion, or nationa l origin. He is uns uccessful in
selling his home, so he subsequently decides to list his home with
a broker on a non-discriminatory basis. May he do so?
A.
Yes. The exemption applies only "if such house is sold or rented
without the use in any manner of the sales or rental facilities or the
sales or rental services of any real estate broker . .. " Once the
seller engages the services of a broker, he may not reject a pur chaser
on the grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin.
6.
Q.
A home owner wants to rent his home for several months . He
decides to exercise his exemption and subsequently rents his home
to a co - religionist . He then contacts me, a real estate manager , to
manage the pr operty and collect the rent. If s uch a contract is executed, has either the home owner or I violated the law?
ll.
Neither . The home owner has not rented his home with the assist ance of a broker or manager. The management contract was executed
after the owner obtained a tenant without the assistance of a broke
�-3 -
7.
Q.
A client awns a duplex and occupies one of the units. He engages
me, a real estate braker, to sell the ather unit to a person'of a
specific religion or race . · I accept the listing contract . 'Have I or
the client violated the law if the unit is sold an a freedom of choice
basis?
A.
No. The la\~ specifically exempts units in dwellings can taining
quarters to be occupied ' by no mare than four families living indepentently of each ather if owner actually occupies one of such living
quarters as his residence. This provision (Sec . 803 (b ) (2) is nat
affected by the limitation that the unit, to be exempt, must be sold
without the use of a broker.
8.
Q.
A home owner decides to take advantage of his exemption and engages an attorney to sell his home. Is this permitted by law?
A.
Yes, but if the attorney has engaged in the sale of twa or mare
homes during the preceding 12 months as an agent, he i 's considered a
person "in the business of selling or renting dwellings" and comes
under the same prohibition applicable to real estate brokers.
9.
Q.
A home owner approaches a
wants to sell his home only to
to refer suitable prospects to
sequently, the home is sold to
the owner violated the law?
real estate braker, and advises that he
a co - religionist and requests the broker
him. There is no listing contract . Sub a prospect furnished by the broker . Has
A.
The federal law provides that after December 31, 1969, a single family home is exempted from the law ohly "if such house is sold ....
without the use in any manner of the.....facilitIes .... of any real estate
broker." If the owner has nat rejected a prospect on the grounds of
race, color, religion, or national origin prior- -,to selling the home to
..... . .
a purcha's er furnished by the broker, there has clearly been no violation
of the law because the owner has not exercised this exemption. If the
seller has exercised his exemption and refused to sel~ or negotiate
with another purchaser, after contacting the braker, there is a likeli hood that he has violated the law because he has discriminated and he
has sold the home through the use of a real estate broker.
B.
1.
EFFECT ON BOARDS OF REALTORS AND
MULTIPLE LI STING SYSTEMS
Q.
A Board of Realtors consistent l y pursues a po l icy of d~nying
membership to any person of the Negra race . Wha t remedies '(:rre available to a l icensed real estate broker who is a Negra and desires to
join the Board?
A.
He has three remedies. He may file a complaint with the Secretary
of HUD who may attempt to resolve the complaint through "conciliation
and persuasion" . In so proceeding, the Secretary has the power of sub poena and may conduct such investigation as he deems desirable. The
complainant, if he feels that such procedure may nat be fruitful, may
file suit .in a Federal district court and request an injunction or re straining order against officials of the Board who are denying him
membership . He may also complain to the United States Attorney who may
initiate an action an behalf of the Attorney General because the prac tice of the Board may constitute a "pattern or practice of resistance"
which " raises an issue of general public importance . "
(aver)
�- 4-
g.
A B~ard's multiple listing system d~es n~t have any n~n-white
participants. D~es the law require the membership be made ~pen t~
n~n - white br~kers regardless ~f their qualifications.
2.
A.
N~.
The law permits a multiple listing system t~ imp~se any
requirements it desires for membership. H~wever, such requir~ments
must be applied equally to all brokers, white ~r non-white.In ~ther
words, rejecti~n must n~t be based ~n race, c~l~r, religi~n or nati~nal
origin . Thus a requirement that all applicants for membership in MLS
be members of the Board of Realt~rs is n~t affected by the law.
3.
-
I.
Q.
Does the ab~ve mean that the Board ~f Realtors must be open to
all non-white ' brokers regardless ~f their qualifications?
A.
No . the B~ard of Realtors may apply any reasonable standards f~r
membership . H~wever, the standards 'must be applied equally to all
applicants, and there must not be any different standards applied t~
applicants because of race, c~lor, ' religi~n, ~r nati~nal ~rigin.
4.
.1
I',.
r
Q.
The new Federal law was signed ~n April 11, 1968, H~w d~es this
affect t he several hundred listings on file ~n that date in a b~ard ' s
multiple listing system?
A.
It will have n~ effect. Until December 31, 1969, an ~wner may
accept ~r reject any w~uld-be purchaser. H~wever, ' after that date
any listing in an MLS is c~vered by the Act . If the seller, after
that date, rejects a purchaser ~n the gr~unds of race, c~l~r, reli gi~n ~r nati~nal ~rigin, he - the ~wner - is liable under the federal
law '. Of c~urse., this assumes that there is n~ state ~r l~cal fair
h~using law in e"Xistence c~v'ering ~wners and br~kers .
~
C.
1.
,
ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW, REMEDIES ' AVAILABLE,
AND THE BURDEN OF PRCOF
Q.
Supp~se a home ~wner., wh~ has engaged a br~ker, executes' a c~n
tract f~r the sale ' ~f his home t~ a purchaser. After settlement, a
complaint is filed against the ~wner alleging discriminati~n based ~n
race, color, religi~n ~r nati~na l origin. Would the sale be affected
by the complaint?
A.
No , not if the purchaser was without actual notice of the existtence of the filing o·f a complaint or civ il action under the new law.
However, while the sale and transfer of title is not affected, the
complainant could still file a civil action agains't the owner and
request damages for any violation of the law.
2.
". i.J
Q.
A WOUld - be purchaser files a complaint against the seller; who
has the burden of proving that the rejection wa,.s based on race, color,
religion, etc?
A:
The purchaser. The law specifically requires that he· halVe the
burden of proof in complaints filed with the Secretary of Housing and
Urban Development. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that
he have the burden of proof should he file suit in Federal' court a gainst the seller .
�- 5-
.. ' 3:. g.'
-
, A civil rights group in the community has decided to "test" the
compliance of an apartment owner wi th provisions of the federal law .
A Negro couple applies for a unit and the own er refuses to show them
any vacant unit. A complaint is filed and evidence is submitted that
the couple owned a home and were not plannin g to ren t the apartment
uni t - they were "testing" the practice of the owner. Has the ovmer
vi olated the l aw?
.,
A.
No . The law provides that the offer to rent must be "bona fide"
The legis l ative history behind the insertion of this ph rase in the law
on t h e Senate floor makes it clear and unmistakab l e that "testing"
does not gi ve rise to a valid complaint .
D.
1.
EFFECT OF STATE AND LOCAL LAWS
Q.
My state has a fair housing law which is app li cab l e to owners and
brokers. Must a complainant proceed first unde r t he state law before
pr oceedi ngs may be initiated under the new fede r a l l aw?
A.
Yes, in a l l probability, if a complaint is first filed with the
Secretary of HUD, the Secr etary may take no action on the complaint
if t h e appropr i ate state official has, within 30 days of being ad vised of the complaint, initiated proceedings under state law. I n ad ..
dition, if the would- be purchaser has first fi l ed a complaint with
the Secretary, any judicial remedies availab l e under state or local
l aw m
ust be exhausted before any action may be brought in a United
States Di strict Court.
2.
Q.
But suppose the complainant does not file a comp l aint with the
Secretary of HUD but instead proceeds immediately in a Federal Court .
I f substantially equivalent relief is available to him under sta t e
law, wou l d his suit be entertained?
A.
Per haps. But the Federal Court has discretion (which very l ikely
would be exercise ) to continue - that is, delay indefinitely - proce edings under the Federal law if the local or state agency assumes
jurisdictio,n over the complaint.
E.
1.
BROKER AND SALESMAN CONDUCT
Q.
A would - be purchaser enters a rea l estat'e br okerage office and
informs t h e salesman on duty or the broker t h at he wants to purchase
a home, that he has no definite home in mind b~t would l ike to peruse
a ll t he l istings which the broker has on file. Th e broker advises
that h i s l istings are not available for inspection but that if t he
pur chase r has a particul ar house in mind, and the broker has such a
li st ing, he would be pleased to a r range a time for inspection of the
house . The purchaser leaves and subsequently files a complaint alleging t hat the broker has discriminated and vio l ated t he Federal law.
Woul d such cir cumstances give rise to a va l id ca use of action the
br oker?
( over )
�•
-6-
A.
No, in a;ll p:robabili ty . But the salesman mus t treat all would be customers the same. That" is, . if it is the custom of the office not
to permit any perso.\'l:S to come ' in off the street and peruse listings
which are 'On file, it would not .constitute a ' violation of,' the Act to
deny this privilege to Negro purchasers.' However, if it could be
shown that the office customarily did permit ,white prospects ,' tt> look
at the listings file, then it would not ' be permissable to' derlyJ Negroes
the same opportuni ty .
'
,r) j,'.j
2.
i..r ..
Q.
Suppose a would-be Negro purcpaser enters a brokerage gffice
and ~tates that he is interested in purchasing a home in therieighborhood of $20,000 in a particular section of the community. ' It, is not
the practice of the office to allow prospects to see listing ~ files
but in fact the salesman involved is well aware that the office has
several listings that meet the prospect's general requirements .
Nevertheless he info~ms the prospec~ ,that the office has no listings
in that category. Has the salesman violated the Act?
'
A.
Section 804 defines the conduct or practice which is deemed
unlawful. All refer to conduct with respect to "a dwelling" and this
, must assume a dwelling of certain identity . The law does not give
any person the right to purchase or right to inspect dwellings whose
identity is vague and uncertain. The essence of the offense is the
discriminatory refusal t ~ sell a dwelling which the purchase~ wants
to buy.
'
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxx '
,
<.'.
RWC/NAREB
4-18-68
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
FOOTNOTE
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc., of course, hopes that the real estate industry will take a positive attitude towards the Federal Housing.Law and
will seek to help in its enforcement r,ather than trying to escape its implications even i f this could be done legally. John L HasselbHd, a
nationally prominent realtor has spoken on this subject in relation to the
Colo.rado housing law: "We could drag our feett We could fight a rearguard action. We could create more problems than they could think of in
trying to enforce this law~~ . . (o r) ..... we could obey the law in spirit
as well as in letter, knowing that as realtors we have a civic as well as
an ethical obligation to uphold. Somehow we, began to sense that we could
be a very important factor in the solution ', of ,housing and human relations."
Hasselblad goes on , to state that after tW9 years,,; experience' 'wi th , the law
the realtors found that the industry wa;s :not, hurt",by' the law and that
there was widespread public acceptanc'e of it.
,:""',, ,..
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Discrimination in housing
Nonprofit organizations
Citizens' associations
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
African Americans
Housing
Baltimore (Md.)
Community organization
Reports
Correspondence
Newsletters
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit provides an introduction to the work of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) around issues of racial integration in housing and tenants' rights from the 1950s to the 2000s.
Established in 1958, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. was formed to promote an open housing market and viable integrated neighborhoods in the Baltimore area. It was established by several neighborhood associations and supported by civic organizations like the Greater Baltimore Committee. The early focus of the organization was to obtain open housing and stable neighborhoods during a period of widespread white flight and blockbusting in Baltimore City. Through education and advocacy, it sought to counter racial prejudice, to fight discrimination in the real estate industry, and to combat neighborhood deterioration resulting from segregated housing. More recently, BNI has focused on tenant-landlord relations and renters' rights.
The Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 22 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 32 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/14" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records, UB Special Collections & Archives</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/">University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
circa 1958-2009
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be quoted or reproduced for personal and educational purposes without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given. When crediting the use of portions from this site or materials within that are copyrighted by us, please use the citation: "Used with permission of the University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archvies." Any commercial use of this material is prohibited without prior permission from the Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore. Commercial requests for use of the images or related text must be submitted in writing to: Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore, H. Mebane Turner Learning Commons, 1415 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21201
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
text/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
R0015-BNI
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
2019-09
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
32 items
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Real Estate Industry Interpretation of Title VIII (Open Housing Provisions) of the Federal Civil Rights Bill
Description
An account of the resource
A BNI reprint of questions and answers about fair housing provisions in the Federal Civil Rights Bill of 1968. The Q & A was originally produced on April 18, 1968 by the Realtors Washington Committee of the National Association of Real Estate Boards.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1968
Subject
The topic of the resource
Discrimination in housing
House buying
Law and legislation
Race discrimination
Real estate agents
Real estate business
Rental housing
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
bni07.01.08c
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records (R0015-BNI), series VII, box 1, folder 8, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
Discrimination in housing
House buying
Law and legislation
Race discrimination
Real estate agents
Real estate business
Rental housing
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/84c0d0c951e465fcd09b8b9ae2e63938.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=p6v6md5xgUJLW1lIeLqagFuldmyd9hP-5NXos%7EkgF3GBrddnGiqDENyyJYU6w%7E0yIkOPwPojT2zRLxlBg7GCeYz5pcoklualqvWxm4V9zKbLXf7uw91sKq%7Esn%7ECBH%7EJe3sfvNS-F-23bRqRgSYRNnz5ItqGeU5mhmVVkzS5OQlxfOcdOdVIe%7EEmSnNGIq29bnAdDyp5MoNhXDjbxVUzQYvRAVpOItwY01oBjkRy5NVega8DBu4-P1GHVi9XgiFfcphXlG2igFjU3cLw58lBhbosoelfbT7TjTZJcBkkr4nrCK4pn2MeU9afwCWiHVGgsw31VR5E15Bi1TALQfO588w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
6c5cde2735885803440cdeeb88ad1663
PDF Text
Text
-.
BALTIMORE NEIGHBORHOODS, INC .
RN. 1117 - 0NE CHARLES CENTER
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21201
MEMO
TO:
All Organizations Int e rest ed in Fair Housing
FROM:
George B. Laur ent, Exe cutive Director of BNI
RE:
TIME :
PLACE:
A Mee ting in Annapolis on Saturday, April 29th to Consider
the Foroation of a Lead ership Council for Fair Housing for
the Stat e of Maryland.
10:00 A.M . - 12:45 P .M. ---1:15 P.M. - 3:00 P .M. if necessary
The Hous e Judic iary ROOD (H8) locat e d on the ground floor of
the Stat e Hous e .
Purpos e of the Lead e rship Counc il:
1) To coordinat e a nd pro[Jot e fair housing activities across
the Stat e of Maryland;
2) To sponsor a workshop confe r enc e onc e or twic e a year to
shar e ideas, encourage th e for oation of fair housing groups
wher e ne eded, and h ear experts froo g overnoental agencies,
Aoerican Friends, the National Coooitt ee Against Discrioina tion in Housing, e tc .
Thos e ass eobling in Annapoli s on April 29th would decide if
such a Council is needed, and if so, how it should op erate. My thoughts
however, are as follol1S:
A. Fair housing organizations, housing coooitt e es of huoan
r e lations c ooo is s ions, civil rights groups, socia l action
coooitte e s of r e ligious denooinations , and sioilar groups
would be invit ed to s end a r e presentative to the Council;
B. Ordinarily the Council would consist of representatives
of organizations and not private individuals. However, there
oay be key indiv iduals, in ar ea s whe re th e r e is no fair housing
activity a t pre s ent, who should be invit e d to be on the Council.
Thes e pe ople would cooe on the Counc il with the understanding
that th ey would a ssuoe r e sponsibility for cr eating fair housing
groups in th ~ ir a r ea;
C. The Counc il would not be a foroal organization . A coordi nating chairoan would oaintain th e contact list and pror.lote
fair housing a ct i vity , calling upon th e resourc e s of associated
groups as ne eded;
�-2-
D. The Council as such would not nake pronouncenents or take
public stands but would ask representative groups to do so.
This avoids both the touchy problen of who speaks for WhOD
and the iopression that another civil rights organization
has been creited;
E. Meetings would be held to a nlnlnuD, would be carefully
planned , and would hopefully be able to reconnend concrete
action on a statewide basis or in specific areas;
F. The Leadership Conference would not be directly affiliated
with any group l or governnent agency. It would calIon the
Maryland Connission on Interracial Problens and Relations
as a consultant, consistent with the Connission's authority
and ability.
Please try to have your group represented at this prelininary.neeting.
D€ . isions should not be nade by only a few stalwarts.
Please sand us naoes of officers of fair housing groups in your area
that should be invited to this neeting .
I look forward to seeing you in Annapol i s on April 29th .
GBL:s
�
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Title
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Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Discrimination in housing
Nonprofit organizations
Citizens' associations
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
African Americans
Housing
Baltimore (Md.)
Community organization
Reports
Correspondence
Newsletters
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit provides an introduction to the work of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) around issues of racial integration in housing and tenants' rights from the 1950s to the 2000s.
Established in 1958, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. was formed to promote an open housing market and viable integrated neighborhoods in the Baltimore area. It was established by several neighborhood associations and supported by civic organizations like the Greater Baltimore Committee. The early focus of the organization was to obtain open housing and stable neighborhoods during a period of widespread white flight and blockbusting in Baltimore City. Through education and advocacy, it sought to counter racial prejudice, to fight discrimination in the real estate industry, and to combat neighborhood deterioration resulting from segregated housing. More recently, BNI has focused on tenant-landlord relations and renters' rights.
The Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 22 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 32 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
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<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
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<a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/14" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records, UB Special Collections & Archives</a>
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<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/">University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives</a>
Date
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circa 1958-2009
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Format
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text/pdf
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English
Type
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Text
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R0015-BNI
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2019-09
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32 items
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Title
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A Memo To All Organizations Interested in Fair Housing
Description
An account of the resource
Advertisement for a meeting in Annapolis on April 29, 1967 to consider the formation of a leadership council for fair housing in Maryland
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967
Subject
The topic of the resource
Leadership Council for Fair Housing in Maryland
Community organization
Discrimination in housing
Creator
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Laurent, George B.
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University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
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Text
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application/pdf
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bni07.01.07a
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Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records (R0015-BNI), series VII, box 1, folder 7, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
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Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
Community organization
Discrimination in housing
Leadership Council for Fair Housing in Maryland
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/5b9cadbccd61b140bf892369ade21b01.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=S-ioGwMU3eQamgS3HB9B7qKNtv7PpqyOdcXju1Brc4y%7E8EdDhGnQ3oYGS8tQg8eOcJK5rfo8%7EpgVxbNcCAIFEFa-G7ndQbuS3hwBE1ygUDvTyKymIk8o2pejziBxeGaCUBuN-YdEV30lmEslzhPIYtFEoKhF%7E6pPSEo%7EYK1Q5WzjarHBVV2yrOgvmsLbfRcsr30xtmRi9y26SBkh5radZ-ul-oy-bJL8DluYMTwaNe8g3Lhuq-4VkrREY%7ElU3RBRJ0x9e%7EE0mmBHpWhvutf9SvdH5n7VJSBTXFqTS-btyXZalhcU0-z563mv-DJUcaufLZ8mgf-rvEhAgcETR3ekDA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
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Text
Bo>tru otr
{A;-r"tu
r...1
A STijVY
OF REAL ESTATE PRACTICES BY RACE
IN THE
HARBEL AREA
OF
NORTHEAST BALTIMORE CITY
by
The Baltimore Plan
For Affirmative Marketing
in Real Estate
August, 1981
(follow-up through May ' 82)
�A STUDY OF REAL ESTATE PRACTICES BY RACE IN THE HARBEL
AREA OF NORTHEAST BALTIMORE CITY
Purpose
Concerns have been expressed for some time by community leaders in an area of
Northeast Baltimore City adjacent to Harford and Belair Roads about racial steering
and related practices. This area is served by Harbel, Inc., an umbrella organization,
the boundaries of which are shown in the map, Fig, 1 in the Appendix.
Parts of this area have been designated real estate conservation areas by the
Maryland Real Estate Commission. In such areas, for sale signs may not be posted
on properties by real estate companies, which must also refrain from certain kinds
of solicitation of listings.
Conclusion
Sufficient evidence was found to conclude that differential treatment by real
estate sales associates of buyers (including steering) based on race is extensive
in the Harbel area.
Procedure and Results
The study consisted of two parts:
I.
ANALYSIS OF SALES:
Information was obtained from the Central Maryland Multiple Listing Service
(CMMLS) on sales April 1980 through September, 1980 by price, style of house
(whether detached or townhouse), location,and listing and selling real estate company. Of the 430 sale contracts reported by CMMLS, 314 were found in the Lusk
reports, thus verifying settlement. The ,race of 291 (93%) of these buyers was
determined by direct observation
Seventy six real estate companies participated as selling company in 291 sales
for which race was identified. Thirty-one firms sold two or more of these houses for
a total of 246 houses (85% of these sales); nine sales (3%) were by non-MLS firms;
36 firms sold one house each (12% of these sales).
Seventy-six real estate companies participated as listing company in the 291
sales for which race was identified. Thirty-three firms sold 2 or more of these
houses for a total of 248 sales (85%); 43 firms sold one house each as listing
firm (15%).
The general Harbel area was analyzed by the individual community organization
boundaries -which comprise the City portions of Harbel (See Fig 1 and Tabl e I in the
Appendix). Based on information provided by community leaders, each community was
classified as racially integrated or predominantly white (i.e. less than 10% Black
owners). Five communities are integrated (shaded in Fig 1) and 12 are predominantly
white. No sales were reported for 5 communities in the City portion of Harbel
during the sample period. One predominantly Black community (Morgan Park) was
excluded .
�-2-
Sales by race showed clusters of Blacks in three of the five integrated
Harbel communities (Frankford, Belair-Edison, Parkside), and virtually no Black
sales in the 12 predominantly white co~munities for which sales were reported
during the sample period. Data analysis showed considerable overlap in price range
between Blacks buying in integrated communi ties and Whi tes buying in predominantly
white communities. The price range $32,000 - $44,000 showed significant
BlackWhite overlap. See Fig 2, Appendix. Sixty three percent of the Blacks who bought
houses in integrated communities in this price range could have afforded houses
purchased by Whites in predominantly white Harbel communities; 25% of the Whites
who bought houses in this range in the predominantly white communities could have
bought houses in the same range sold to Blacks in Harbel integrated communities.
Real Estate companies sold to Whites about equally in integrated and predominantly white communities. Companies which sold only one house in the sample
period sold predominantly to Whites.
Sales patterns were different in the long-standing integrated community of
Lauraville and in H.E.P.P. than they were in the communities of Belair-Edison,
Parks ide and Frankford, which are experiencing recent, rapid integration. Lauraville and H.E.P.P. showed many more sales to Whites than to Blacks (see Table I).
Over half of the sales in H.E.P.P. were above $44,000 and these relatively high
prices may in part account for more sales to Whites. But 65% of Lauraville's
sales were below $44,000, indicating that price could not account for the preponderance of sales to Whites.
Realtors tended to have their listings sold by other companies more in the
rapidly integrating communities of Belair-Edison, Parkside, and Frankford than in
Lauraville and H.E.P.P. and in the predominantly white communities. Harbel selling
firms are almost all white-owned. This finding raises the question as to whether
the companies tend to "push their own listings" less in heavily, recently integrating communities.
Seven Black-owned real estate companies negotiated 18 sales (6% of all sales
verified in Lusk). Thirteen of these were to Blacks and 5 to Whites.
Interviews of black and white buyers showed a preference for detached houses.
The houses bought by Blacks in Belair-Edison, Parkside and Frankford were almost
all row houses, as were the houses bought by most Whites in the first two communities.
However, a number of detached houses were sold within the same price range to Whites.
In summary, the racial clustering observed cannot generally be accounted for
either by price or by preference for style of houses.
II.
TESTING:
To determine if real estate companies were operating in a non-discriminatory
fashion, the Baltimore Plan in cooperation with the Harbel Community Organization,
conducted a number of visits to "open houses" to see if the black tester prospect
would be treated differently from the white tester prospect.
�-3-
Procedure
Real Estate firms were tested if they had six or more sales as listing or
selling firms during a six month period from April 1980 thru September 1980 and
providing that the sales were in the project area. Twenty-five firms met these
criteria.
When one of the twenty-five firms advertised an "open house" in the metropolitan newspaper in the project area they were visited by two trained Baltimore
Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) test teams, one team being Black and the other being
White, both representing a family. The two components of the team had ostensibly
matching family composition, combined income, cash available for a down payment
and settlement fees, and were interested in a 3 bedroom house in the Northeast
section of Baltimore City: design or type of house was not specified or mentioned.
The testers were qualified for a price range from $45 - $50,000 enabling them to be
candidates for a wide selection of houses throughout the project area. Special
care was taken to ensure that open houses were selected in all sections of the
project area. See Appendix, Fig 3.
Fourteen different real estate firms were tested at least once and in some
cases five times by 7 sets of Black and White teams. This resulted in 20 open
houses visited and in follow-up visits to two real estate firms during five months
from March thru August 1981.
Of the 14 real estate firms involved, all are members of the CMMLS. Of the
14 CMMLS members, 13 have endorsed the Baltimore Plan for Affirmative Marketing in
Real Estate (BP) and 1 firm is new to CMMLS and is in process of being asked to
endorse the BP.
Overall Results
The test of 18 (90%) of the 20 open houses visited and follow-up visits to two
real estate firms show Blacks were treated in a way different from Whites which
could be interpreted as discriminatory treatment and could have resulted in complaints
and/or law suits. The most serious differences included:
Case 1
In response to a follow-up call after the open house visit, the
White tester said she wanted, among other things, a "nice quite
neighborhood." The agent said:
"and safe. Not a mixed neighborhood because maybe that wouldn't
be so safe."
Also, 4 out of 5 addresses given to the White tester were listed with
the same open house firm whereas those given to the Black tester were
listed with other firms and all at higher prices. Eleven of the 12
addresses received by the Black team were different from the White
team and all were in well integrated areas.
�-4-
Case 5
Agent explained MLS to the White team, but not to the Black team.
Agent said will give other listings to White but no mention to
Black team. Agent in naming neighborhoods said to the White, that
one neighborhood was a nice integrated neighborhood where professional
people live and then named Ednor Gardens, Charles Village and Northwood (integrated neighborhoods a couple of miles from Harbel). No
mention of this was made to the Black team. Agent gave other listings
in follow-up.
Black felt agent was polite but uncomfortable and nervous.
Case 7
At open house Black was asked about income and employment, White was
not.
Listing sheet was givne to White but not to Black. Later during the
office visit, the White tester was told by the agent that "we would
probably have to buy a brick row house, although he might be able to
find us something in Dundalk or Essex (White communities except for a
couple of "pocket" ghettos. They are 10-15 miles from Harbel).
Testers again indicated preference for NE Baltimore City. Agent indicated that there were neighborhoods in northeast Baltimore where
testers would be "comfortable."
Later as agent was · searching thru MLS cards he said softly as if
talking to himself "I don't want to steer you into Northwood because I don't think you'd be comfortable there." (Northwood is
very integrated.)
Later in conversation with tester the agent again tried to determine
attitude toward integration: "You didn't tell me how you felt about
these integrated neighborhoods ••• "
Case 18
At Open house •• Less information was given to the Black team re:
schools, MLS and financing. Agent requested
Black team to have wife's income verified.
Agent made negative comments to Whites about area where open house
was being sold. (It is located in a heavily mixed area).
Said area was rough and he wouldn't like to sell the Whites a house
there but rather further north towards the county and added:
"The law being what i t is, I can't say what I feel
I want to say. I hope you know what I mean."
Office visit involved the same agent ••• Whites were given info
at the office and received 4 addresses of properties
to consider viewing. All in very White areas.
�-5-
Black team went to the office to keep their previously scheduled
appointment only to be stood up by the agent after waiting one
hour for him. He did not call during the following week to
apologize.
A summary of the differences of treatment show that: in 10 visits more questions were asked of the Black team such as family size and composition, income,
length on job, and age of children; in 4 visits leading and/or negative comments
were made to the White team about integration (see above cases); 4 visits where
information was volunteered it was done so more to the White team; and in 11 visits
there was more follow-up to the White team.
A total of 81 houses, other than the open house visited were given to the
testers in follow-up: 46 to the White teams; 21 different addresses to the Black
teams. Almost all of the properties given to the White teams were in predominantly
white areas while those given to the Black teams were in heavily integrated areas.
Follow-up Action - August 1981 through May 1982
All real estate firms who were involved in this study were briefed as to the
findings of the tests. The real estate firms which were more blatant had all of
their agents attend a 3 hour orientation session on affirmative marketing and fair
housing laws with a warning that any future violations would result in dismissal
from the firm and possible complaints filed with the state licensing agency. In
one case the firm had to sign a two year agreement with the Baltimore Plan that
among other things requires each agent to complete an Equal Service Report Form
on each client for the purpose of monitoring treatment on an equal opportunity
basis.
Following the research (including the testing) invitations to an orientation
in October 1981 were sent to the 15 brokers who had sold four or more houses in
Harbel during the sample period. Community leaders from three integrated Harbel
communities also attended. Several additional briefings were held to accommodate
those brokers who were unable to attend the first session. At the session the preceding information was shared and a proposal to form a Council of Realtors and community leaders was presented. An organizing committee of Realtors and community
leaders drafted the organizational structure of the Council and an Agre~ment covering
items related both to real estate practices and community commitments (see Appendix).
During the organizing meeting, community leaders and BP staff recommended
certain responsibilities for Realtors. The Realtor participat
countered with some
proposed actions which would be incumbent upon the communities and the final agreement was hammered out. Responsibilities for Realtors included supplying data regularly
on sales and listings by race, real estate ads, participation in a seminar on fair
housing and affirmative marketing for sales associates, instructing sales associates
to make sure buyer clients were aware of the full range of houses available in the
CMMLS, and presentation of a flyer on the use of CMMLS and fair housing to buyers,
compliance with the Maryland Real Estate Commission regulations on conservation areas,
working via the Council on resolving complaints and working for the positive promotion
of the Harbel area (see Appendix).
�-6-
The proposal presented to the Realtors included use by sales associates of
the Equal Service Report Form. The Realtors strenously objected to the use of
the form and asked that it be tabled for the momemt in the hopes that the other
measures of the agreement which they would accept, would be sufficient. The
community leaders agreed.*
Responsibilities for the community include holding educational meetings and
distribution of a flyer on fair housing, providing to Realtors lists of community
leaders who can be called upon by buyer-clients for information about the community,
preparation of brochures about the communities to be available in real estate
offices, identifying owners' sales so that ; ~uch sales may be monitored for discrimination, interviewing some persons who are selling to find out the reasons
and bringing all complaints promptly to the Council (see Appendix).
An Executive Committee of the Council was formed and is working on the
implementation of the Agreement and for the positive promotion of the Harbel area.
Invitations have subsequently been extended to all Realtors to attend briefings on the Council. Seven firms in addition to the 13 initially orientated have
attended.
A brochure on the use of CMMLS and fair housing (see House Hunting Tips in
the Appendix) has been completed and copies distributed to participating Realtors.
*The use of Equal Service Report Firms (ESRF) is a suggested part of HUD's Voluntary
Affirmative Marketing Agreement, which the GBBR has endorsed. Its use is also supported by the BP. The ESRF would be used by all sales associates with every propsect
a sales associate obtains. These then would be turned into the broker who would
review them paying special attention to the material requested on the form related
to affirmative marketing. The GBBR has mailed copies of the SERF to every company
as being a useful management tool. Nearly all Realtors, including those of the
Harbel area, believe that they would have to go to great efforts to introduce the
use of the ESRF to their sales associates (who are independent contractors) and that
in spite of such efforts it will not be used in a meaningful way.
�APPENDIX
Figure 1
HARBEL AREA NEIGHBORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS
1. Arcadia Improvement Assn.
*
2. Armistead Gardens Improvement Assn.
3. Belair Edison Improvement Assn.
4. Beverly Hills Improvement Assn.
5. Cedmont Community Improvement Assn.
6. Christopher Neighborhood Assn.
7. Claremont Tenant Council
B. Elmwood Community Assn.
*
9. Frankford Improvement Assn.
,,!}r<
10. Furley Neighborhood Assn.
\
~y Map Key
11. Glenham Belford Community Assn.
12. Greater Oakleigh Improvement Assn.
*
13. Harford Park Community Assn.
14. H.E.P.P. Community Assn.
15. Highpoint-Greenview Improvement Assn.
*
16. Hilltop Improvement Assn.
26. Southmor Genair Improvement Assn.
17. Lauravi11e Improvement Assn.
*
27. Taylor Heights Improvement Assn.
lB. Linover Improvement Assn.
*
2B. Waltherson Improvement Assn.
19. Mayfield Improvement Assn.
29. Westfield Neighborhood Improvement .
20. Moravia-Walther Improvement Assn.
30. Woodring Improvement Assn.
21. Morgan Park Improvement Assn.
22. New Belmar Assn.
*
23. North Harford Road Improvement Assn.
24. Overlea Improvement Assn.
25. Parkside Improvement Assn.
*
*
Not a member of HARBEL
�TABLE I
HARBEL SALES BY RACE BY
Integrated Communities
Total
Blacks
CO~~UNITY
Whites
Other
Not {den.
Belair-Edison
Parkside
83
33
48
0
2
18
13
5
0
0
Frankford
Lauraville
H.E.P.P.
41
19
16
1
5
20
2
16
2
0
24
4
16
2
2
5
1
3
0
1
2
0
2
0
0
7
0
6
0
1
6
0
6
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
19
0
14
1
4
5
0
5
0
0
35
0
33
0
2
5
0
5
0
0
29
3
18
1
7
4
0
4
0
0
8
0
8
0
0
Predominantly White Communities
Arcadia
Beverly Hills
Cedmont
Christopher
Furley
Glenham-Belford
Moravia-Walther
North Harford
Southmor-Genair
Waltherson
Westfield
Woodring
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2{) OPEN
H()US[~
VISITED
MAR.-jUL. 1'181
,.
�11/81
The HARBEL AREA REAL ESTATE And COMMUNITIES AGREEMENT
The Harbe1 Area
In the interests of affirmative marketing and in cooperation with the Harbel
Community Organization and the' Baltimore Plan for Affirmative Marketing in Real
Estate we agree, for the period November I, 1981 through October 30, 1982 and to
be renewed as necessary, to:
PART I:
A.
For Real Estate Firms
Report monthly on:
1. real estate ads for residential properties for sale in the Harbel
area; (copi es of ads)
2. sales for which the company is the selling company by address and
' race in the Harbel area, and the name of the selling agent; (when
settlement has taken place)
3. listings by address and race in the Harbel area, and listing agent.
B.
Have all sales associates attend an educational seminar designed by the
Council on affirmative marketing.
C.
Have sales associates show the buyer-clients the CMMLS Inventory Report
sheets containing all houses available in the Harbel area and help the
client make a list of the total number of houses in the client's price
range.
The sales associate will present to the buyer-client a brief flyer prepared by the Council on how to use the CMMLS Inventory Report sheets and
how to house hunt.
The sales associate will make no evaluative comments of any kind about
any commun i ty.
The sales associate will advise the client to look through all communities
he/she wishes to consider.
D.
Observe the real estate conservation statute as it applies to Harbel.
E.
Become part of a Council of Realtors and community leaders which will:
1. maintain participation of real estate firms in the program;
2. hear complaints :Ind take corrective action;
@
(QUAL HOUSING
OPPORTUNITY
�3. receive periodic monitoring reports of data provided by the firms
and take corrective action;
4. work for the positive promotion of the area as a desirable place
in which to live;
5. participate in other projects deemed by the Council to be reasonable and in line with the purposes of this affirmative action
program.
PART II:
For Harbel Community
A.
Hold educational community meetings at which such items as the responsibilities and obligations under which real estate sales associates
operate and fair housing laws as applying to residents as well as
Realtors will be covered.
B.
Some members of the community and sales associates will meet together
for seminars in affirmative marketing, so that dialogue may take place
between the sales associates and the community leaders about mutual
concerns.
C.
Establish a list of community leaders who can be called upon by sales
associates to talk with prospective buyers.
D.
Distribute a flyer about fair housing which covers the rights and responsibilities of Realtors, buyers, sellers, and neighbors.
E.
All complaints generated by the community will be brought to the appropriate leadership within the Council directly and promptly.
F.
Interview some persons who have put their houses up for sale to find out
the reasons for doing so.
G
.
Identify owner's sales in communities so that such sales may be monitored
and appropri ate acti oO taken.
ns
H.
Prepare a brochure about Harbel communities including various features
about the community that sales associates may use in marketing properties
and for use in promotional activities. Provide brokers a map of Harbel
to be used in plotting sales and listings.
Firm (please print)
BY:
Broker or Recoro
For Harbel, Inc .
Address and Li p
Date
Aooress and Lip
Date
�11/81
HAR8EL COMMUNITY/REAL E
STATE COUNCIL
Organizational Structure and Purpose
EDUAl HOUSING
OPPORTUNITY
I.
II .
BOUNDARIES :
NAME:
North
South
Eas t
West
-
HARBEL COMMUNITY/REAL ESTATE COUNCIL
City/County Line
33rd St., Sinclair Lane, Erdman Ave.
City/County Li ne
Hillen Road and Perring Parkway
II 1. PURPOSES:
A.
to further communication between the real estate industry and the residents;
B. to hear specific complaints related to real estate activities and to
resol ve them;
C. to receive reports o ~ the activities prescribed in the HARBEL AREA
REAL ESTATE AND COMMUNITIES AGREEMENT; and
D. to develop~sitive actions for ways in which the real estate industry
and the communities can work together for mutual benefit and to promote
the area as a desirable place in which to live .
These purposes shall be carried out by the Executive Committee of the Counci l .
IV . COUNCIL PARTICIPANTS:
All real estate brokers who endorse the Harbel Area Real Estate and Communi
Agreem and representatives from Harbel, Inc. shall be par ticipants in t r
ent
Counci 1.
V.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE COUN CIL:
,A.
Membershi p
The Executive Committee shall consist of twelve (12) persons,
si x (6) from each of the two (2) groups : 1) real estate brokers
operating in the area ; and 2) r esidents i n the area appointed by
Harbel, Inc.
B. Officers
Co-chairpersons , who shall have been elected as chairpersons of
t he acti ve participant group each represents . They shall al te rnate chai r ing meetings.
C Term
.
s
One year renewable term, beginning November I, 1981.
(more)
�D.
Voting
1.
A quorum for voting shall consist of one half (~) of the
representatives from each of the two participating groups.
2. A majority of those voting shall carry.
E.
Meeti ngs
The Executive Committee shall meet monthly unless otherwise decided by the Executive Committee. Meetings shall be called by
the co-chairpersons. All Executive Committee meetings are open
to all Council participants and their guests.
F.
Committees
Committees may be appointed as needed. Each committee must obtain
final approval from the Executive Committee for its activities.
VI.
REPLACEMENT/REMOVAL OF COUNCIL PARTICIPANTS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS:
A.
Replacement
Each organization will select a person who will vote at
E
xecutive Committee meetings. This person may be replaced by the organization appointing him/her with a written 30-day
notice to the Executive Committee.
B.
Removal
Any person who does not abide by the Harbel A
rea Real
Estate and Communities Agreement may be removed from the
Council and the Executive Committee by vote of the Executive Committee.
VII . DISSOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL :
This Council may be dissolved by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of all members of
the E
xecutive Committee when a two (2) weeks' notice has been given that
this will be the order of business.
VIII STAFFING:
The Council will have independent existence from the Baltimore Plan. The
professional staffs of the Baltimore Plan and Harbel, Inc. will help provide staffing and technical assistance to the Executive Committee. They
will have no vote .
IX.
COM
PLAINT PROCEDURES:
Any complaint generated within the Harbel area will be reported to the
complaint coordinator who will be a Baltimore Plan staff person.
The complaint coordinator will investigate the situation and consult with
the co-chairs for action . In more serious situations the coordinator will
cons ult wi t h the co-ch ai rs who may report the situation to the Executive
Committee for action.
All complaints will be reported to the E
xecutive Committee.
The compl aint coordinator will keep a log of complaints.
N m
o ember of the Executive Committee will t ake action on any complaint that
i s not approved by the Execu t ive Committee .
�Working With Your Sales Associate
Your real estate sales associate
is a licensed professional who will help
you find the home you want at the price
you can afford. Real estate sales aqents
receive a commission when a home listed
wi th a real estate company is sold .
Your sales associate will show you
homes listed with his/her company and
with other companies as well and will
gtve you much information about homes
and financing plans and refer you to
a lender to whom you can apply for a
mortgage .
You may wish to Mshop around" at
several lending institutions for the
best terms and your sales associate
can help you with this process. You
will find your sales associate helpful
in figuring out how much you will need
for settlement costs (closing) .
Your sales associate can aiso
give you information about how to
check homes for conditions that may
need repair.
In short. you should bring all of
you r housing questions to your sales
associate .
Makin~
the Central Maryland Hultiple
Llstlng Se r vlce Work For You
CMHlS serves Baltimore City and four
surrounding counties .
About 425 real
estate brokers belong. Over 40,000
properties are listed yearly.
All affiliated brokers ' listings
are published twice weekly, so that all
affiliates know what is for sale by all
other affiliated brokers . Each company
can serve buyers not only with the co m
-
pany's own listings but with all other
affiliates' listings as well. By reviewing the Inventory Sheets in the
office you and your sales associate can
have access to the full range of homes
available through CHHLS. The Daily Inventory Sheets list homes for sale by
zip code. These zips are divided among
four main geographical subdivisions.
First. your sales associate will
assess your income and available cash
to determine what price home you can
afford .
You will need to decide on the
price range of homes you are interested
in and are financially qualified for,
and the general location you want. You
can find out from a zip code map or your
sales associate what zips are included
in your area of interest and which of
the four geographical areas they are In.
Next. you look at each zip code for
the homes in your price range. You
will see that a great deal of information 1s given about each home for
sale. Some listings have letter s or
symbols attached. There is a code at
the bottom of the page and your sales
associate can also explain the meaning
In addition to reviewing locations
of special interest to you. to make
the most informed selections. you
should spend a little time scanning
many zips . Of course. you will often
encounter a bewildering number of
homes when you study a large number
of lips. but you can eliminate certain
areas because of reasons not related
to price , such as nearness to work.
shopping, etc. The main paint is
that you should not miss an area you
might like just because you did not
know there were homes available that
you could afford.
By the use of maps and driving
through areas, you can reduce the
number of areas and homes you want to
consider seriously. In the areas
that are of interest to you; you will
find some homes unsuitable for a wide
variety of reasons. You should then
be able to select a manageable number
to review in depth with your sales
associate.
Each home listed on the Inventory
Sheets is described in even more
detail on an individual listina card.
Your sales associate will have - a card
for each home for sale in the real
estate geographical areas to which
the company subscribes through CMMlS.
There are even photos of some homes.
of each item.
- 1 -
- 2 -
- 3 -
�Rights and Responsibilities
Onder
Falf HOUS1"9
Laws
Ho m
eseekers are entitled by Federal
law . State law and/or the Realtors'
Code o f Ethi cs to receive equal professional services regardless of their
ra ce, colo r . creed. sex, national
origin, marital status. or physical
or mental handicap. Equal services
covers all aspects of home seeking.
home buying, and financing. Do not
ask. or e xpect to be shown. homes
according to the racial. religious, or
ethni c chara c teristics of the neighborhood in which the homes are located .
Sellers must allow their homes to
be show n t o all persons and must not
refuse a sale contract because of the
race , etc., of the buyer. Sales
as soc i ates must not falsely deny
availability of housing because of
the race, etc . , of the buyer, . refuse
to deal with clients because of race,
etc . , or di rect clients into or
away from certain neighborhoods because of race - i. e . , the y mus t not
steer. In other words , the sales
associate must not let racial, etc . ,
consideration s govern the way s/he
treats the buyer or the seller.
One protection against inadvertent
steering is for the sales associate
to be sure that the buyer is aware of
the full range of houses available in
the CMMlS .
Fair housing laws cover real
estate advertising, mortgage financing and prohibitions against blockbusting. Blockbusting occurs when,
for example, real estate professionals
- 4 -
try to indu ce white residents to sell
their homes after a black person ha s
bought in or near the area, and representing that the black proximity will
result in certain negative effects on
the community .
HOUSE
Th e Hacbe l Co mmu ni ty /Re a l
Es t at e Coun ci l wo rks i n
a s s o c ia tion with th e Bal ti mo re Plan fo r Af firma tiv e
Ma rketing in Real Estat e.
The Baltimo r e Plan is •
partnership b e tw e en th e
Re al Estat e Beokers o f
Balt i mo re, In c ., t he Gre a t er
Baltimo re Board of Re altors,
and Baltim o re Neighborho ods.
- 5 -
TIPS
.......
Actions of neighbors are also
included in fair housing laws . White
neighbors may not in an y way harass a
black resident or persons or organizations assisting a b l ack resident to
exercise his/her fair housing rights .
The penalties are fines and/or prison
terms .
Anyone who believes sthe has been
illegally discriminated against may
file a private lawsuit or may f i le complaints with the Maryland Real Estate
Commission, the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development or the
Maryland Human Relations Commission.
Advice and assistance in the preparation of complaints or other remedies
may be obtained without charge from
Baltimore Neighborhoods. Inc .• 319 E.
25th St . • Baltimore. Md . • 2121B. ( 301 )
243-6007 . You may also conta c t BN I
for more information about your fair
housing rights .
HUNTING
A PAMPHLET FROM YOUR SALES ASSOCI A
TE
TO HELP YOU FIND THE HOM 01' YOUR
E
CIIOICE
prepare d by:
Th e Ha rbel Co mmun it !l / Rea l Est a te
Cou n c i l, a coa l i t ion of Re al tors
an d communit y
lea d e r s wo rk i n g for
a ffi rma t i v e ma r k e t i n g in the Har b e l
ar ea.
4 /82
G}
_,_.
._cover
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Discrimination in housing
Nonprofit organizations
Citizens' associations
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
African Americans
Housing
Baltimore (Md.)
Community organization
Reports
Correspondence
Newsletters
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit provides an introduction to the work of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) around issues of racial integration in housing and tenants' rights from the 1950s to the 2000s.
Established in 1958, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. was formed to promote an open housing market and viable integrated neighborhoods in the Baltimore area. It was established by several neighborhood associations and supported by civic organizations like the Greater Baltimore Committee. The early focus of the organization was to obtain open housing and stable neighborhoods during a period of widespread white flight and blockbusting in Baltimore City. Through education and advocacy, it sought to counter racial prejudice, to fight discrimination in the real estate industry, and to combat neighborhood deterioration resulting from segregated housing. More recently, BNI has focused on tenant-landlord relations and renters' rights.
The Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 22 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 32 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/14" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records, UB Special Collections & Archives</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/">University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
circa 1958-2009
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be quoted or reproduced for personal and educational purposes without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given. When crediting the use of portions from this site or materials within that are copyrighted by us, please use the citation: "Used with permission of the University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archvies." Any commercial use of this material is prohibited without prior permission from the Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore. Commercial requests for use of the images or related text must be submitted in writing to: Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore, H. Mebane Turner Learning Commons, 1415 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21201
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
text/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
R0015-BNI
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
2019-09
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
32 items
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Study of Real Estate Practices by Race in the HARBEL Area of Northeast Baltimore City
Description
An account of the resource
An examination of realtors' differential treatment of homebuyers in Northeast Baltimore based on race
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1981-08
Subject
The topic of the resource
Baltimore (Md.)
Discrimination in housing
House buying
Race discrimination
Real estate agents
Real estate business
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
The Baltimore Plan for Affirmative Marketing in Real Estate
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
bni06.01.81a
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records (R0015-BNI), series VI, box 1, folder 81, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
Baltimore (Md.)
Discrimination in housing
House buying
Race discrimination
Real estate agents
Real estate business
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/8864d7c30e298c949f84a34ba84adbe5.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=kp1G58dy0bE4%7Ej6Ob2rkpWs1eCEXOFkE6iV7RuPEl34w3uqSuJK4w6WC76Pebd3z%7EFRwjLBXOuwEM7XVYx6pTOFtHv7QB4DmWN1fiJ4l7-lYZjNhEbDMG9W5umPtg6dqYqkFlgPefLyPJ7y4jz1NsWZRJayld2b2i-kZHSl8g0SJkWoxtL5HTXUBKb3Lq67V1%7EVKKpSBEy4nI4wVkVtV8dYQU7VTmrzZpy6VbRnZEy-uSfViSHaPYSS4f8QW5erQbq44sHJHpxyAiaw8TCAeftmddabHewNJgAKc1BRDCQ0nQ%7ER94ZmDSL64s0jko3eZJG9IIyUqABPNhWk11MVDDQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
879360e9c81cc2abf1358dd93ce73fba
PDF Text
Text
D
R
A
F
T
ADVANCE PLANNING FOR A STATE-WIDE CAMPAIGN TO UPHOLD
THE MARYLAND STATE FAIR HOUSING LAW IF BROUGHT TO REFERENDUM
Note: If the Court of Appeals upholds the lower court
deceision, Maryland's Fair Housing Law will be brought to
referendum -- that is, it will be referred to the electorate
in November 1968 for its approval or disapproval. In this
event, those wishing to uphold the State Law will be working
for a "Yes" vote on the ballot question.
MATTERS FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE LEADERSHIP COUNCIL
o Coordinator in each count
or cit )--It is important that the respon5i i ity for directing and rally~ng the support of all groups and
individuals in each county be . vested in one group or individual. For
example, representative to steering committee of the Leadership Council
or other member group.
o Governor's cooperation -- How much support can we expect from the
Governor? Will he appear on radio-TV to urge that the law be upheld?
Will he assign an information specialist to help inform the voters
on this issue? Groups over the state need to let the Governor know
how important his role is.
o Funds -- It takes money to wage an educational campaign--pamphlets,
flyers, fact sheets, bumper stickers, radio-TV time, etc. Will member
groups finance? Will State finance informational brochure for wide
distribution? The opposition is always well-heeled in such campaigns.
o Campaign literature -- The Maryland Commission on Interracial Problems
and Relations has published a pamphlet, "Fairness in Housing" which
will be useful in most areas throughout the state, However, a flyerfact sheet will be needed in the latter stages of the campaign-- for
example, "VOTE YES ON QUESTION
", etc. Could a member group assume
responsibility for publication of such a flyer, with the understanding
that member-groups over the state may order copies for their use?
Sample speaker's kits and sample speeches should also be prepared.
o Campaign slogan -- "Idea" people should begin now -- we need to combat "Forced Housing", "Your Home is Your castle", and other scare
techniques used by the opposition.
o Referendum experience elsewhere -- Ideas and assistance should be
sought from other states and cities whose laws have gone to referendum.
HHAT YOUR COUNTY CAN DO TO PREPARE FOR THE REFERENDUM CAMPAIGN
1.
Coordinating group should begin now to compile a card file of
officers of church groups, civic group, political groups, etc.,
together with key individuals in the county. (Names, addresses,
zip code, telephone number).
2.
A list of your County Delegation to Annapolis should be compiled for
distribution to groups throughout the county. (Include home addresses, telephone numbers as well as county delegation address in
AnnapOlis.) Gain their support of campaign, involve them in planning
(over)
�3.
As soon as referendum is announced, coordinating group should
invite the various groups in the county to a planning meeting.
Possibly set up an Ad Hoc Committee on the Referendum. Assign
various areas of responsibility. Individual selected as Coordi nator or Chairman should have the time, the drive, and the philosophical commitment to rally the entire county. Also keep in
mind that it is difficult to do proper job of coordinating without
ready access to an office with telephone, mimeograph machine, etc.
Some of the areas of responsibility include:
o
Set up a speakers bureau --hold a speakers clinic to train speakers ;
prepare speaker kits; urge church and other groups to hold meetings
and invite a speaker on the subject.
o
Form a minister's group that will exert leadership in this area-possibly organize a Fair Housing Sunday, with sermons and distri but ions of literature.
o
Try organizing your county or city on a precinct level. Recruit
a Precinct Coordinator in each precinct to aid with distribution
of materials and to organize the COVERING OF POLLS ON ELECTION DAY
A booth, or at least a good water proof sign, manned round the
clock with volunteers, is important. Voters usua l ly have their
minds made up on the candidates, but frequently can be influenced
on ballot questions.
o
Work with the press, radiO, TV. Don't overlook importance of
editorials and letters to the editor. Card file or directory of
media should be prepared for ready reference, including names of
key editors, reporters, announcers, commentators, etc.
o
Political party cooperation should be sought. (A marked ballot
distributed by a political party almost assures success; however,
doubtful in this case.) Obtain list of PRECINCT CHAIRMEN of both
parties - sta rt early to gain their support as they can be most
effective in influencing votes and informing voters on the ballot
issues.
Prepared by M. Armstrong
12-12-67
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Discrimination in housing
Nonprofit organizations
Citizens' associations
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
African Americans
Housing
Baltimore (Md.)
Community organization
Reports
Correspondence
Newsletters
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit provides an introduction to the work of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) around issues of racial integration in housing and tenants' rights from the 1950s to the 2000s.
Established in 1958, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. was formed to promote an open housing market and viable integrated neighborhoods in the Baltimore area. It was established by several neighborhood associations and supported by civic organizations like the Greater Baltimore Committee. The early focus of the organization was to obtain open housing and stable neighborhoods during a period of widespread white flight and blockbusting in Baltimore City. Through education and advocacy, it sought to counter racial prejudice, to fight discrimination in the real estate industry, and to combat neighborhood deterioration resulting from segregated housing. More recently, BNI has focused on tenant-landlord relations and renters' rights.
The Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 22 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 32 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/14" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records, UB Special Collections & Archives</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/">University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
circa 1958-2009
Rights
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This material may be quoted or reproduced for personal and educational purposes without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given. When crediting the use of portions from this site or materials within that are copyrighted by us, please use the citation: "Used with permission of the University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archvies." Any commercial use of this material is prohibited without prior permission from the Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore. Commercial requests for use of the images or related text must be submitted in writing to: Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore, H. Mebane Turner Learning Commons, 1415 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21201
Format
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text/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
R0015-BNI
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
2019-09
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
32 items
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
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Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Advance Planning for a State-Wide Campaign to Uphold the Maryland State Fair Housing Law if Brought to Referendum (Draft)
Description
An account of the resource
A leadership council planning document to prepare for political mobilization in the event of a statewide voter referendum on fair housing
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967-12-12
Subject
The topic of the resource
Leadership Council for Fair Housing in Maryland
Community organization
Discrimination in housing
Referendum
Direct democracy
Political participation
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Armstrong, M.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
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application/pdf
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
bni07.01.08b
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records (R0015-BNI), series VII, box 1, folder 8, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
Community organization
Direct democracy
Discrimination in housing
Leadership Council for Fair Housing in Maryland
Political participation
Referendum
-
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PDF Text
Text
LEADERSHIP COUNCIL FOR FAIR HOUSING IN MARYLAND
32 WEST 25TH STREET
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21218
(243-6007)
George B. Laurent, Convenor
February 6, 1968
The Leadership Council was formed on April 29, 1967. The purpose
of the Council is to coordinate and promote fair housing activities
across the State of Maryland and to sponsor a workshop conference once
or twice a year to share ideas, encourage the formation of fair housing
groups where needed, and hear experts. from governmental agencies,
American Friends, the National Committee Against Discrimination in
Housing,· etc.
.
The Council is not another civil rights or housing group but rather
exists to make the programs of various groups more effective by stimulating cooperation and coordination where nece·ssary. Fair housing
activities will be carried out in the name of those member ' grollPs who
desire to be involved in a particular activity. Therefore, any member
organization which does not wish to participate in a particular activity can freely abstain from participation without the fear of being
implicated by its membership in the Council.
MEMBERSHIP ROSTER
ACCESS
P.O. Box 21073-Kalorama Station
Washington, D.C. 20009
Phone: 723-2825
Mr. Ian E. McN~tt, President
Mr. Charles jones, Exec. Director
Delegate: Mr. ' George Toney
~9l5 Redford Road
Bethesda, Maryland 20Q16
Phone: OL 2-7948
AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION
ACTIVISTS
2316 West North Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21216
Phone: 669-6034
Mr. Cleveland Chandler, Chairman
Mr. Paige Bell, Acting Exec . . Dir.
Delegate: Mr. Sampson Green
3409 Wabash Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21215
Phone: FO 7-3416
Alternate: Mr. Cleveland Chandler
2800 Oakford Avenue
Bal t imore, Maryland 21215
Phone: MO 4-6605
(over)
927 N. Calvert Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Phone: MU 5-3976
Mr. Howard Murphy, Chairman
Delegate: Miss Una Corbett
1223 Woodbourne Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21212
Phone: ID 5-1249
Alternate: Mr. Lewis M. Latane
4300 Hayward Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21215
Phone: 664-2151
�-2-
ANNE ARUNDEL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES
ANNE ARUNDEL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES
INTERFAITH FAIR HOUSING COMMITTEE
v
ANNE ARUNDEL & ANNAPOLI S YWCA
40 State Circle
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
Box 75
Mayo, Maryland 21106
Phone: 268-5093
Phone: 798-0288
Mrs. Joseph L . Dickey, President
The Rev . Carl B. Harris, Chairman
Mrs . Henry S . Mann, Exec. Director
Delegate: Chairman
I Delegate: Mrs . Arthur H. Fawcett
1108 Mitchell Street
ANNE ARUNDEL HUMAN RELATIONS COMM. Annapolis, Maryland 21403
Phone: 267-7554
Arundel Center
Alternate: Mrs . William J . Tretbar
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
Box 103, Rte. #2
Phone: 263-5161
Arnold, Maryland 21012
Mr. Donald Aronson, Chairman
Mr. Dallas Pace, Vice-Chairman
ARCHDIOCESAN URBAN COMMISSION
Delegate: Chairman
175 Woods Drive
320 Cathedral Street
Annapolis Maryland 21401
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Phone: 269-0294
Phone: SA 7 - 7777
Alternate: Vice - Chairman
Mr. Charles G. Tildon, Chairman
105 Dominoe Road
Mr. Frank J. Bien, Exec. Director
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
Delegate: Exec. Director
Phone: 268-2614
BALTIMORE CITY NAACP
ANNE ARUNDEL LEAGUE FOR HUMAN RTS .
1234 Druid Hill Avenue
P.O. Box 132
Baltimore, Maryland 21217
Severna Park, Maryland 21146
Phone: LA 3-8503
Phone: 647-5421
Dr. Lillie M. Jackson, President
Mr. Ronald M. Wilner, President
Delegate: Dr. John L . Tilley
Delegate: Dr. Delores Hunt
2101 Whittier Avenue
100 Cherry Lane
Baltimore, Maryland 21217
Glen Burnie, Maryland 21061
Phone: 669-9253
Phone: 789-9233
BALTIMORE CITY YWCA
ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY NAACP
128 W. Franklin Street
2046 Forest Drive (263-9418)
Baltimor~A Maryland 21201
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
Phone: ~5-1460
Mr. Samuel Gilmer, President
Mrs. Clyde M. Clapp, President
Delegate: Mrs. A. D. Beary
Mrs . Katherine R. Booth, Exec. ~irec .
118 Spa View Avenue
Dele1ate: Mrs . Paul A. Harper
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
21 E mwood Road
Phone: 263-6652
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Alternate: Mr. John L. Stubbs
Phone: 323-4465
Rte. #5 Box 107B
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
Phone: 757-3284
�- 3BALTIMORE COMMUNITY RELATIONS
COMMISSION
BALTIMO NEIGHBORHOODS , I NC.
RE
210 N. Calvert Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
. Phone: 752-2000 X 2107
Mr. Joseph H. Purdy, Chairman
Mr . David L. Glenn, Exec . Director
Delegate: Exec . Director
210 N. Calvert Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
Phone: PL 2-2000 X 2107
Alternate: Mr. Gene Noble
Address same as above
32 West 25th Street
Baltimore Maryland 21218
Phone: 2 3-6007
Mr . Alexander Stark, President
Mr. George B. Laurent, Exec. Direct or
Delegate: Exec . Director
See above address or : Apt . 812
Sutton Place-llll Park Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Phone: 728-7492
Alternate: Mr . Donald J. Miller
Address same as office
BALTIMORE COUNTY HUMAN RELATIONS
COMMISSION
County Office Building
Baltimore, Maryland 21204
Phone : VA 3-3000 X 779
Mr. Robert M. Thomas, President
Mr. Edgar L. Feingo l d, Exec. Direc.
Delegate: Mr; Mano Swartz
Ashland Farms
Cockeysville, Maryland ; 21030
Phone: 666-3169
Alternate: Mr . Edgar L. Feingold
2210 South Road
Baltimore, Maryland 21209
Phone: (home)664-4225 (off . )Br6-1100
BALTIMORE COUNTY LEAGUE FOR
HUMAN RIGHTS
311 Winters Lane
Baltimore~ Maryland
Phone: 7~7-5511
21228
v
Mr. Eugene L. King, Sr., President
Delegate : Mr. William Barber
5908. Leewpod Avenue.
Baltimore~ Maryland 21228
Phone: 7~7-3443
Alternate: President
Address same as given for office
4
BALTIMORE URBAN LEAGUE
1150 Mondawmin. Concourse
Baltimore, Maryland 21215
Phone : 523 - 0706
Mr. Warren W Weaver, President
.
Dr. Furman L. Templeton, Presiden t
Delegate: Mrs. Vendetta T. Wagner
Address same as office
Alternate : Mrs. Gwendolyn C. Lee
2321 Montebello Terrace
Baltimore, Maryland 21212
Phone: HA 6-0507
CARROLL COUNTY HUMAN RELATIONS
COMMITTEE
Box 862
Westminster, Maryland 21157
Phone: 848 - 7000
Mr. Merton P. Hammond, Chairman
Delega te: . Mrs . M. J . Shroyer .......93 West Green Street Westminster, Maryland 21157
Phone: 848-3256
Alternate: Mrs . Robert A. Scott
R.F.D. #5
Westminster, Maryland 21157
Phone: 848 - 9094
CEDAR LANE UNITARIAN CHURCH
SOCIAL ACTION COMMITTEE
BALTIMORE FELLOWSHIP, INC .
3200 N. Hilton Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21216
Phone: 664-4055
Mr . Joseph H. Thomas, President
Miss Ruth Fegley, Exec. Director
Delegate: Exec . Director
Address same as office
9601 Cedar Lane
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Phone : WH 2-3800
Mr . Armin Behr, Chairman
Delegate : Armin Behr
Home address : 10681 Weymouth St.
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Phone: 933-4039
(over)
---
�-4Alternate : Mr . Thomas Eli ot
9802 Cul ve r St reet
Kensington , Maryland
Phone : 940 - 6948
EASTON HUMAN RELATION COMMIS .
S
Nationa l Bank Bldg .
Easton , Maryl and 21601
Phone: 822 - 2600
CITI ZENS PLANNING & HOUS ING
Will iam H. Adkins, Chairman
ASSOC I ATION
Delegate: M s . Ma r gar e t t S . Ferree
r
116 Goldsborough Street
330 N. Charles Street
Easton, Maryland 21601
Baltimore , Maryl and 21201
Phone : 822 - 1494
Phone : 539 - 1369
Al ternate : M s . Dorothy Black
r
Mr. Harry J . Casey , President
100 Jowite Stree t
Mrs. Frances M. Froelicher , Exec .Dir . Easton , Maryland 2 1~0 1
Delegate : Mrs. Frances Froe l icher
Phone : 822 - 1751
Address same as office
Al terna te : Mr " Herbert Parker
.
EPISCOPAL SOCI ETY FOR CULTURAL
401 Hashington"Ave .
& RAC IAL UNITY
Towson, Maryl and 21204
Phone: VA 3- 8585
713 Evesham Avenue
Ba l timore A Maryl and 21212
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS HOUS I NG
Phone : 8~9 - 2734 or 433- 877 4
COMMITTEE
Dr . Thomas C. Washbur n, Chairman
D ~ l egate : John D. Adams
3208 Dorchester Road
310 Westshir e Road
Ba ltimore Maryl and 21215
Baltimore Maryl and 21229
Phone : 5 2- 9505
Phone : 7 7 - 2092
Mrs. Carrie Staten , Chairman
Delegate : Mrs . Carrie Staten
HARFORD COUNTY FAIR HOUSING COMM .
4
4
DAYIES MEMORIAL UNITARIAN CHURCH Box 591
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Be l Air, Ma r yland 21014
3952 First st., S .W.
Washington, D. C. 20032
Phone : 449 - 4308
The Rev . Kenneth Marshall, Pastor
Mr . William Echol s , Cha ir.of Board
Delegate : Mr. James King
7459 Keystone Lane Apt #402
Forestville, Maryland 20028
Phone : 735 - 2909
Alternate : Virginia Ba l dan
7431 Keystone Lane Apt. #203
Forestvi l le, Maryland 20028
Phone : 735 - 4412
DIOCESE OF MARYLAND :
105 IV . Monument Street
Baltimor e, Maryland 21201
Phone : SA 7- 3738
Mr. Harry Mill s, Exec. Director
Delegate : Exec . Di rector
Phone : 838 - 7464
Mr . Richard W Shreffl er , Pre sident
.
Delegate : William C. Starke
P .O. Box 9
Edgewood "Araena l ,Maryland
Phone: 676- 5212
as
Al terna te : Thom Gordon
Be l Air, Maryl and 21014
Phone : " 83_ - 7664
8
HARFORD CO . NAACP
~
P . O. Box 367
Bel Air, Maryland 21014
Phone : 838 - 3943
Mr . Edward J ac kson , Pr es id ent
Delegate: Mr . & Mrs . Dona l d Redd
White Hal l, Ma ryla nd 21161
HOWARD CO . INTERR. COMMISS ION
Court House
Ellicott City , Maryl and 21043
Mrs . Ralph Green, Chairman
�- 5-
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTER-Carroll Co.
Delegate: Mrs. Remus Dorsey
Box 6
Jessup, Maryland 20794
Phone .: 725 - 2953
HOliIARD COUNTY NAACP
Route #144
Cooksville, Maryland 21723
Phone: 489-4396 ·
.
Rev. John W Holland, President
.
Delegate : President
Address same as above
Alternate: Mrs. Penny Valentine
Box 223
Hanover; Maryland 21076
Phone: 796- 4584
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS - Balto.City
sutton Place -llll Park Avenue
Baltimore , Maryland 21201
Phone: SA 7-1961
Mrs. Christopher Gray, President
Mrs. Sidney Painter, Vice - President
Delegate: Mrs . Morris Wizenberg v
1409 Bolton Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21217
Phone: 669-4755
Alternate : Mrs . William Gause
923 Reverdy Road
Baltimore, Maryland 21212
Phone: 435 - 4192
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS - Balto . Co.
401 Washington Avenue
Towson, Maryland 21204 ·
Phone: 828 - 8869
Mrs. David Booth, President
Delegate: Mrs. Wm. C. Ermatinger
323 Holly Hill Road
Reisterstown, Maryland 21136
Phone: 833 - 0540
Alternate : Mrs . Reuben Andres
6010 Lake Manor Drive
Baltimore, Maryland 21210
Phone: DR 7-5913
(over)
Route #1 Box 307
Sykesville, Maryl and 21784
Phone : 787 - 2656
Mrs. Doris Seagraves, President
Mrs. Arnold B. Joseph; Chairman
Delegate: Mrs . G. Herbert Rice v
Rte.1I5, Box 4~
Westminster-, Maryland 21157
Alternate: Mrs . Sherrill Cheeks
Rte. #5, Box 129
Westminster, Maryl and 2i157 ·
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS-Frederick Co.
315 College Terrace
Frederick, Maryland 21701
Ph ore : 663 - 6013
Mrs . Benjamin Warshowsky, President
Delegate: Mrs . Alan Wilhelm ~
Rte. #5, Box 5
Frederick, Maryland 21701
Phone: 662-5959
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS-Harford Co.
Route #1, Box 107
Bel Air, Maryland 21014
Phone: 838 - 2890
Mrs, Solomon S . Goldberg, President
Delenate : Mrs. Joseph Fleisher ~
Box 12, Route #3
Bel Air, Maryland, 21014
Phone: 838 - 5365
Alternate: Mrs. Victor Noyes
Route #3, Box 472
Bel Air, Maryland 21014
Phone: 838 - 5255
.
LEAGUE OF
WQ~~
VOTERS OF MARYLAND
5 State Circle
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
Phone: 269 - 0232
Mrs. Ilse Darling, President
Mrs. Charles Cutler, State Bd. Member
Delegate: Mrs. Arthur Levin ~
8014 Whittier Blvd.
Bethesda, Maryland 20034
Phone: 652- 5016
Alternate: Mrs.Stanley W Baer
.
4208 East - West Highway
Hyattsville, Maryland
Phone: 277 - 7285
�- 6-
LEAGUE OF tlOMEN VOTERS - Mon tg. Co .
MARYLAND COUNCIL OF CHURCHES
937 Pershing Drive
14 W. Madison St r eet
Silver Spr i ng, Maryland 20910
Ba l timore, Maryland 21201
Phone : JU 9- 6500 (hr.10A . M .- 2 : 00P~ ) Phone : Sa 7- 8550
Mrs. Alan Y. Cole, President
Dr. Donzel C. Wi ld ey , Exec. Direc tor
Delegate : Mrs . Arthur Levin
!Delegate: Mrs. Mildred Atki nson
8014 lVhittier Bl vd .
J 14 1'J . Madison St .
Bethesda, Maryland 20034
Baltimore, Maryl and 21201
Phone : 652-5016
Phone : SA 7-8550
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS - Prince Geo .
411 Audrey Lane
Oxon Hill, Maryland 20021
Phone : LC 7- 2033
Mrs . Merwin C. Phe l ps, President
J Delegate : Mrs . Stan l ey W. Baer
4208 East -Nest Highway
University Pa rk , Maryland 20782
Phone : AP7 - 7285
Alternate : Mrs . Douglas A. Pool ey
6224 42nd Avenue
Hya ttsvill e , Mar yland 20781
Phone: 864 - 8983
METROPOLITAN BALTIMORE FAIR HOUSI NG
32 West 25th
Baltimore Maryland 21218
Phone: 2 3- 6007
Mr. Joseph P . Martin , Pres i dent
Delegate: President
1661 Mussula Road
Baltimore, Maryl a nd 21204
Phon e : 825- 9673
Alternate: Mr. Daniel Nitzberg
3405 Tulsa Road
Baltimore Maryland 21207
Phone: 9 4- 1246
4
4
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS - Wicomico Co .
405 Pinehurst
Salisbury, Maryl and 21801
Phone: 742 - 7506
Mrs . William Cordes , President
~ Delegate :
Mrs . A. L. Flemi hg
416 Dogwood Dr i ve
Salisbury, Maryland 21801
MARYLAND COMMITTEE FOR DEMOCRATIC
RI GHTS
Box 55
Glen Burni e , Maryland 21061
Phone : 744 - 0554
Mr. Roy H. tlood, President
Mrs. Pat Goodman, Secr etary
/ De l ega te : Mr. Roy H. W
ood
3 Osborne Avenue
Ba ltimore Maryland 21228
Phone: 7 4- 0554
Alternate : Mr . Wi l liam Jones
44 01 Rogers Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21215
Phone : 542- 2316
4
N~T IONAL
CONFERENCE OF CHRI STIANS &
JEWS
Equitable Bldg.
Bal t imore, M ryland 21202
a
Phone : 539 - 2660
~ . George B. Hess, Sr., Sr. Co. Chair .
Dr. JacOb H. Cunningham, Exec. Direc
Delegate: Dr . Jacob H. Cunningham
Address same as above
Alternate : William B. Guy, J r .
11 E . Chase Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
Phone: MU 5- 4084
Alternate : Mr. Frank A. Gunthe r, Jr .
36 W. Bidd l e Street
Baltimore, M l and 21201
ary
Phone : VE 7 - 7437
PAINT BRANCH UNI TAR I AN CHURCH ,
FELLOWSHIP FOR SOC I AL ACTION
Powder Mill Rd.
Adelphi, Maryland
Phone : 935 - 5666
Judi th R. Welsh, Cha i rman
Delenate : Mr. Kenneth Stevens
Box 2 A, Rte . #1
Jessup, Maryland 20794
Phone : PA 5- 5385
�Alternate : Mr . J oe Penny
6929 Heidleburg Roao Lanham, Maryland 20801
QUEEN ANNE ' S COUNTY NAACP
PRESBYTERY OF BALTIMORE-SEA Comm .
320 Hillen Road
Towson , Maryland 21204
Phone: 828 -7414
Mr. Conrad C. Hoove r, Chairman
Rev. Fred Webber, General Presbyter
Delegate: Mr . John Swartz
610 Norhurst l1ay
Baltimore, Maryl and 21228
Phone: RI 7-4847
PRINCE GEORGE ' S COUNTY GATHOLIC
.INTERRACIAL COUNCIL
6511 60th Avenue
Riverdale, Maryl and 20840
Phone: 864 - 6140
Mr. Charles K. Wilber, Chairman
Delegate: Mr. John Unger
82 Crescent Road
G~eenbelt, Mar~lahd ~98~0
Phone : 474 - 1052
Alternate: Mr. Norman McKenna
6511 60th Avenue
Riverdale Maryland 20840 .
Ph~n~: 86 4 61~O .
PRINCE GEORGE'S FAI R· HOUSING, INC.
8001 Annapolis, Road
Lanham, Maryland 20801
Phone: 474-5450
Mr. Tom Amenta, Pres id ent
Delegate: Mr. Robert Bender
8221 Sherril Street
Hyattsville, Maryland 20785
Phone : 772 - 6673
Alternate: Mrs. Nancy Trenchord
6909 40th Avenue
Hyat ;;sville, garyland 20782
Phone: 864 - 5276
PRINCE GEORGES NAACP
6100 State Street
Cheverly, Maryland
Mrs. Cora F . Rice, President
Delegate : Mr. Samuel A. Marshall
8005 Muirkirk Rd.
Beltaville, Maryland 20705
RFD 1. Queenstown, Maryland 21658
Phone : 827 -7211
Rev. John W. Ringgold, ·President
Mrs. Cather ine Scott , Vice resident
Delegate : Mrs . Catherine Scott
Grasonvilie, Maryland 21638
REAL ESTATE BOARD OF GREATER
BALTIMORE
7 E . Lexington Street
Baltimore, Maryla nd 21202
Phone : PL 2- 8532
Mr. J . W Ullrich, President
.
r.
.
M C.W Hammond, Vice - President
Delegate: Mr. Carl Heinmuller, J r .
2507 st. Paul Street
Baltimore, l-1aryland 21218
Phone : BE 5-3655
REAL ESTATE ·BROKERS ASSN. OF BALTO .
1613 W. North Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21217
Phone: LA 3-6122
Mr . Daniel W Spa.ulding, President
.
Mr. Roger Johnson, Exec. Direc .
Delegate: President
1613 W North Avenue
.
Baltimore, Maryland 21217
Phone : LA 3- 6122
Alternate : George A. Carroll
1831 W. North Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21217
Phone : PA 8 -1234
RIVER ROAD UNITARIAN CHURCH
SOCIAL ACTION COMMITTEE
6301 River Road
Bethesda, Maryland 20034
Phone : 654 - 8300
Mrs. Lancelot Armstrong, Chairman
Delegate : Mrs . Evan Hannay
5504 Greystone Street
Chevy Chase , Maryland 20015
Phone: 656 - 5709
Alternate : Mrs . Lancelot Armstrong
5405 Mohican Road
.
Washington, D.C . 20016
Phone: 656-1564
(ov er)
�ST . MARY'S HUMAN RELATIONS COMMIS .
247 Town Creek Drive
Lexington Park, Maryland 20653
Phone:862 - 2381
W. Keith Blake, Chairman
Delegate: Mr. Richard Porter
Box 134
.
;.
Lexington Park, Maryland 20653
SUBURBAN MARYLAND FAIR HOUSING
Alternate: Mr. Dwight Bartlett
5115 Wetheredsville Road
Ba ltimore Maryland 21207
Phone: 4 8 - 1664
4
. WOMEN ' S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR
PEACE & FREEDOM
103 1/2 lvest 22nd Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21204
Phone: PL 2- 6614
Mrs. Norris Matthews, President
Delegate : Mrs . Agnes Magrogan
2720 Overland Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21214
Phone : HA 6 - 1102
Alternate : Miss. Agnes E . Thomas
906 Dulaney Valley Ct.
Tdl1s0n, Maryland 21204
Phone: 825 - 1706
9601 Cedar Lane
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
.
Phone : 949 - 9040 (hours 9:00 - 3:00)
Mr . Arthur J . Levin, President
Mrs. Thomas F . Gearin (Peg) .Exec . Dir.
Delegate: Mrs. Lancelot Armstro~g
9405 Mohican Road
lVashington, D. C. 20016
Phone: OL 6- 1564
Alternate: Mrs. Evan B. Hannay(Ives)
5504 Greystone Street
BALTIMORE COUNCIL OF AFL CIO UNI ONS
... Che.'lY Chase, Maryland 20015
Phone: 656 - 5709
305 West Monument Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST - SOCIAL ·
Phone : 727-1320
EDUCATION & ACTION COMMITTEE
Mr. Dominic Fornaro, President
Delegate: President
620 S . Beechfield Avenue
Address - see above
Ba ltimore Maryland 21229
Alternate : M Taomas M. Br a dley
r.
Phone: 6 4- 2522 or 646-4541
305 W. Mon ument Street
Rev. Vernon C. Wingenroth, Chairman
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Delegate : Chairman
Phone: 831-6020
Address - see above
CHRISTIAN LIFE & PUBLIC AFFAIRS
UNITED CHURCH WOMEN OF BALTIMORE
COMMITTEE OF THE BAPTIST CONY . OF
MA"(YLAND
14 W. Madison Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
200 Ma r yland Avenue, N.E .
Phone: SA 7-8550
\'J ashington, D. C. 20002
Mrs. Ann K. Morgan, President
Phone: ~44-4226
Delegate: Miss Lillie A. Ross
W. Barry Garrett, Chairman
2315 Winchester Street .
Delega te: Chairman
Baltimore, Maryland 21217
Address - see above
Phone : 947-3218
MARYLAND COMMISSION ON INTERRACIAL
WEST BALTIMORE INTERFAITH, INTERRAPROBLEMS & RELATIONS
CIAL COUNCIL
Rm . 404A State Office Bldg.
311 Orley Road
301 W. Preston street
Ca tonsville, Maryland 21228
Baltimore A Maryland 21201
Mr. Dwight K. Bartlett, Cha irman
Phone : 3tl3· 3:)10 Ext . 786
Delegate : Mr. Louis W inka m
e
Mr. George T . James, Exec. Secretary
311 Orley Road
Delegate: Exec. Secretary
Catons ville, Maryland 21228
Alternate: Mr . J . Harvey Burns
Phone : 744 - 2130
Address - see above
4
�-9-
EAST BALTIMORE CITIZENS CENTER
620 Aisquith Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21215
Phone: 732-4664 or 732-4665
Mrs. William W Duff, Chairman
.
Delegate: Mrs. William T. James
117 Hopkins Road
Baltimore, Maryland 21212
Phone: 377-9416
NEGRO AMERICAN LABOR COUNCIL
2405 Baker Street
~
Baltimore, Maryland 21216
Phone: LA 3-5205
Mr. Troy Brailey, President
Delegate: President
�
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Discrimination in housing
Nonprofit organizations
Citizens' associations
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
African Americans
Housing
Baltimore (Md.)
Community organization
Reports
Correspondence
Newsletters
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit provides an introduction to the work of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) around issues of racial integration in housing and tenants' rights from the 1950s to the 2000s.
Established in 1958, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. was formed to promote an open housing market and viable integrated neighborhoods in the Baltimore area. It was established by several neighborhood associations and supported by civic organizations like the Greater Baltimore Committee. The early focus of the organization was to obtain open housing and stable neighborhoods during a period of widespread white flight and blockbusting in Baltimore City. Through education and advocacy, it sought to counter racial prejudice, to fight discrimination in the real estate industry, and to combat neighborhood deterioration resulting from segregated housing. More recently, BNI has focused on tenant-landlord relations and renters' rights.
The Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 22 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 32 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
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<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
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<a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/14" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records, UB Special Collections & Archives</a>
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<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/">University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives</a>
Date
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circa 1958-2009
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This material may be quoted or reproduced for personal and educational purposes without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given. When crediting the use of portions from this site or materials within that are copyrighted by us, please use the citation: "Used with permission of the University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archvies." Any commercial use of this material is prohibited without prior permission from the Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore. Commercial requests for use of the images or related text must be submitted in writing to: Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore, H. Mebane Turner Learning Commons, 1415 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21201
Format
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text/pdf
Language
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English
Type
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Text
Identifier
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R0015-BNI
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Date of creation of the resource.
2019-09
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32 items
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Leadership Council for Fair Housing in Maryland
Description
An account of the resource
A report on the formation of the fair housing leadership council in 1967, the organization's purpose, and its membership roster
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1968-02-06
Subject
The topic of the resource
Leadership Council for Fair Housing in Maryland
Membership
Nonprofit organizations
Discrimination in housing
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Laurent, George B.
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An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
Type
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Text
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application/pdf
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bni07.01.08a
Source
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Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records (R0015-BNI), series VII, box 1, folder 8, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
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Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
Discrimination in housing
Leadership Council for Fair Housing in Maryland
Membership
Nonprofit organizations
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/5a8680f349a54d735d7f4b8ee3cdfe56.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=B7LhZsXyyeRsw-6ODlcKogETxSO8x5NISXSJcSfttr2VCE9FLboz4aX0MnrHFsXvFd975PvXnfKb1Blbsi30Y32FaLGkPYZm72HP%7EQJnRXzA7vcO%7EM7gf0sXfV-CKQe9pGa2zBuBghOAf9-TnhTea4uEn7CryMVWa0f9VkXMab8ihBgEWCNuO67S5mzYCy7mE2ihV92VeICtOlDgeGWB-5mpIK-g9m4zf3COtk3zXqZNnO9zExBR0%7EfBTm5mV0vHoazQViXmSqSzWJa4a2ASeTRmryyvJSqwxSg9jzX0yAPCzoJkBKEpyJjNBHdqmziA-z4tHBAdCWCIH%7EJNz49tqA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
3bc140e92ac7b93b80d7cbff230952f8
PDF Text
Text
~
,
BALTIMORE UNDER SIEGE
THE IMPAct OF FINANCING ON
THE BALTIMORE IfOoIE BUYER
(l960 1970)
Publlahed by
ActIVISTS, INC.
2316 W. North Ave.
Baltl.ore, Md. 21216
Septellber, 1971
�PREFACE
•
This r.port i. the third i. a •• ri.s of comput.r-ba •• d .tudi ••
of the .xploltatlon of black ra.lll •• In the purche •• or .belt.r
during the 1960'..
Th. flr.t dated S.pt.ab.r of 1970 docuaent. the
hou.ing tax which the black ra.lly buying fro. a r.al e.tat. coapany
had to pay over and abov. the pric .. paid by whit. faalU .. purchaalng
co-parabl. city hou.lng.
The •• cond .tudy publl.h.d In F.bruary of
1971 docuaent. the cooperation of Jeff.r.on Fed.ral Saving. and Loan
A.aociatlon with the housing explolt.r; It .how. thet In the year.
1965 through 1969 J.fferson l.nt ov.r 90% of Ita city .ortgag• .on.y •
• oae
2~
.Illion dollar•• to r.al e.tat. co.panl •• or to fa.lll •• bUYing
fro. real •• tat. coapanl •• at .xploltatlv. prlc•••
This study goes into the activity of
88ving. and loan..
S0a8
.tat. ohert.red
Th. data indlcat•• thet .any of the.e as.oclation.
violate th.lr charter. and the law by lending conald.rabl. aaount. of
.ortgag • .oney not only to faalUe. buying fro. Inve.tora but to Inv•• tor. th.... lv...
A•• oclatlon aon.y proaot •• slualord. and .xploltatlon
whU. I t is denied to fa ..1 U •• buying on the ordinary _rut.
Moreover •
.any of th••• a •• oclation • •xlst In a conflict of Intere.t envlron..nt
wh.re the po.slbllitl •• for •• If- d.allng aaong .snag...nt create d.ng.r.
for th•••
Th• .ortgag. l.ndlng pollci •• of Equltabl. Tru.t Co.pany are
.lso studied.
In the report on ETC and the as.oclation •• data for
1968. the la.t big y.ar for whe.llng and d.allng in real •• tat. in
8altl.or•• wa. cho••n a. indicative of the bu.in••• of tbs •• In.titutlon.
I
�during the .ixtie..
ETC' • .ortgage busiae.a during 1970 . .a a1.0
atudied a. a .1ight indication ot the .hift vhich hea taken place in
•
it. attitude toward .pecu1ation.
THE INCREASE IN BLACK OWNER- OCCUPIED DWELLINGS
During the 1960'. there va. an increa.e ot 6,671 * !ft the nu.ber
of dwelling. owner occupied by black fa.ilie..
In ette.pting to get
.0.. idea of how the.e hou.es were bought, ve .hou1d tate into consideration
the 4,000 hou.e. bought by the .. jor .pecu1ator. during the decade.
The extent of their activity .can be seen in the acco.penying table
(.ee p. iii), not tully pub1i.hed heretotore.
We would estimate that during the sixtie. only \ to 1/3
ot the black tamilie. vh. purcha •• d h.... in Baltimor. vera ab1. to
buy at a t.ir ..rket pric..
This .stimat. h
boIsed pertly 011 our studias
and partly on two yoars experience ot the data.
FINANCIAL RoorS OF THE PROBLEM
The root of the problem is tinancia1.
ta.ilie. can obtain financing.
The in... tors and not
For exa.ple, Morri. Goldseker wa. able
to borrow 10; .illion dollars between January of 1965 and the end ot
1968.
The source of this money i. a. follow.:
Maryland National Bank
Uptown Federal SLA
Equitable Trust Bank
"r.t Nati_l Bank of Md.
NattOIlal City Bank ot Baltimore
(now Suburban Tru.t)
1,639,750
1,059,650
1,168,350
700,150
253,450
Gold.. ker al.o borrowed 5; .illion dollar. during this ti .. (pert in
late 1964) from Manutacturer'. Life In.urance Company ot Canada.
;--
ETC
Ba.ed on data of the U.S. Bureau of the Cen.u.. It .. y be inaccurate
.ince ta.ilie. on lea.e and option contract. are otten fraudulently
told thet they are home owner. by the landlord &Ad then report this
in the cen.us.
11
�•
"_e.
Solei
2
3
Average Puroha.e Average Sale
Price ot re.old
Price ot re.old
Hou.ea
lleu.e.
"_e.1
Bought
Puroha.e
Price
1,678
10,853,767
742
9,427,723
6,868
12,706
85%
Louh Singer
446
2,930,897
250
2,975,578
6,458
11 ,903
84%
Valter and Al Becker
264
1,826,606
106
1,308,008
7,248
12,340
70%
Stanley E. Suga~
(~. Sea.an, C. capl~
388
2,824,790
148
1,302,273
5,371
8,79'
63%
Morrh Wolf
(J. Prled. .n)
416
2,824,890
300
3,351,865
6,974
12,290
60%
Walter Kinan
(A. Applete1d,
". J. Gerber)
440
3,243,767
247
2,998,646
7,683
12,140
58%
Anthany Piccinini
313
2,498,160
152
1,823,972
7,775
12,000
54%
4
Speculator.
Morrl. Gold.eter
..
..
Sale
Price
Average
Markup
1. Mou.e. bought by the •• men In the tittle. or earlier and .old In the .ixtl •• are not Included.
2. Incr...ed ground rent ha. been capltallzed and tlgured In. It previoualy exhting ground rent h
capltalhed and tigured In, than the average purcha.e prlc•• and the average sal. -.prlce • • hould be
ral.ed about eight hundred dollar ••
3. Our pren_ .tudie. ahow that the •••ale prlc•• are three to tour thouaand aba.. the tair .. rket
.,.lue.
_.t
4. The co.puter data ba •• , an which thh page 1a ba •• d, c ...tain. 60,000 property tran.ter.. P'or Jan.
1960 to the .nd ot 1964 It cCX\taln. the 17 cen.us tract. whera there va.
racial change.
P'or Jan. 1965 to Dec 31, 1968 It cantain. the .hol. city.
�wa. the local .gont tor thlo co.pany.
lldge Garden., Ino., •
de"elop.ant In Saltl_re County, wa. put up tor .ecurlty•
•
COMMEICIAL BANKS
The Ralph Nader .tudy ot Firat NetlClftal City Sank ot New York,
put.lhhed thb . _ r undor tho dlrectlOll ot Da"ld Lalnadort, brought
out the t.ct that c_rclal banb cantrol 75%
to tholr 8ORopoly ot chocking .ccount..
their lending pollcla. dataralne tha
lifo.
.t .... n.bl. _ ey due
Bec.u.e of thl. coatrol
~uallty
of .ach of our natlGDOl
For ex&.pla, baaka _y daclda to flnanca blgg.r .Irplana. rather
than haulag.
A. ana of the. . c_rclal baaka, ETC greatly .rtecta tho
~uallty
of Ilfa In Saltl.ore.
To tho city'. datrl . .nt ETC has • policy
of _king _rtg.ga loan. anly •• fa"or. to 1t.
a.ployaa. of choice customer..
0Im
e.ployae. or to
It doe. not tlnanca olty f ••llia.
awn though It t.b. In the _ey of city peopla at Ita branches and
.ct• • • • dapoaltory for fedoral, .t.te and city fund..
Eftn
8OrO
de_glng to the city than thh naglact of faalU . . , ETC cooper.tad vlth
.xplolt.tiOll by buying the aortg.ga. of exploit.ti"•••"lng• •nd loan.
lib Jeffaroon Federol .nd t.y landing _ey directly to exploiter••
THE IOU: OF tHE FEDERAL GOVDNMENT
the Fedaral COftrn-.at trl •• to pr_t. h _ Gllmer.hlp In
Indirect way..
It _b. tho c_rclal banka pay • Uttlo 1... intare.t
an ..nng. dapoalta than the ..nng. and loan ••• ocl.tl . . I. the hope
that _ay will be dlwrt.d lato ••• ocl.tlOll .ccount • •nd than Into
aortgaga loan. by the.e •••ocl.tl....
Tha Fader.l GoYernaont .1.0
.et. up .ub.ldlsed .acClftd.ry _rbt., like tho Fedar.l Netloaal
Mortg.ga A•• ocl.tlon, to buy _reg.ge • •ReI thoreby _ b .ore _ay
iv
�.~tl.ble
tor ha.. ttaanctag.
But the.e lndtrect _thod. do not work.
For elUI8ple , t he c_-
_ret.l banlta otter uny .ernce., have branche., and haft • lIOI\opoly
ot cbecktag .COedDt..
Such .ttr.ctton. drew .any people to " "e In
the. r.ther than the ...... ag. and 10lUl ••• eol.tl_••
Nader .nd Latn.dorf .uggen that the Fedenl
G_~nt
.ct
directly .nd foree the co..eret.l banka to .ern netghborhoed people.
They
rec~d
that 2/3 of the banka' ...... ng• •ccount lIOI\.y ( • • _11
part of t hetr •••• t ••• bout 25% tn the c••• of ETC) go Into .crtg.g.
tlnanclag .
w.
.pecal.t or..
rec~d
The
thet tt go Into tlnanctag t ••llle. and not
g_~t
could do thl. by •• ttlng • law l nt.r•• t
r.te t o ba patd on Hvtng •• CCOUDta by c_retd banka i t t hey did
not In,,e.t 2/3 ot their ...... ng•• ccount aoney In
h~
buylag lOIUl ••
Tht. would cau•• the lIOI\ey to flow to In.tttutl_. whtch dt d .ern
the c _ l ty.
CONCWSIOtI
In thl. third .tudy w• • re getting to the gut. of the _ tt.r.
Th. c ....rel.1 bank., bec.u•• ot th.tr prl"tl.g•• , ha". an obllg.tlon
to the ca..unlty.
Ju.t •• working cl••• peopl. turn to the c....rel.l
banka •• d.poa ltort •• for th.lr HYing., they au.t be .bl. t o obt.ln
tro- the c .... rcl.1 bank. credtt .t • t.lr prlc••
w xpect
••
In.tltutl_. Itke ETC to exaadn. th. l r I.ndlng poltcl •••
Wo n••d not ..ntton that cooper.tlon for prottt wt t h the .xplolter•
...t be c08pI.t.ly .topped.
But _ch _re ta need. d .
tba dty n.ed po.lttv•••"lc•• In the .re. of h_
The peopl. of
tlnanclng.
Since
their .an.y I_ gl.dly .ccepted .t ETC, I.t ETC g ladly ottor .crtg.g•
••mc•••
"
�If the prIIctlo. . d.acrlbed In thh ad __ prllYioua etudl.a
tln_. It will 0II1y be a _tter ot t l . betore the olty h
00ll-
d. .t~.
Par e.ploltetlan plac.a d.atructlve and dlaorgeal.lag prIIaaura an ta.tly
atructurea and atability and
OIl
clty n.lghborhooda.
8altl_ra ahould be a beautiful place to lIva. to grow. ad t.
work.
It
CUI
anly be auch It _
prIIa.rw. aerve. and aourhh our _ t
prIICloua reaeyrce. people aDd taadlt.a.
Ve wtah to thank George Bur. who did the atudy ot the atat. ohartered ..Ying and loan a .. octattaoa. and Edward Dougherty who dtd the
aUdy of Iqultllb·.<:,
Trus::" s
'DOr~g"i~
l 'mdl ag In the ctty.
Sarapson Green
Chalr-an. ActlYiata. Inc.
John Hartlne.
Co~halr-an. Houalag
Aotl.,tata. IIlc.
Auguat 25. 1971
C~tt.e.
�TABLE OF
----- - - CONTENTS
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . i
Introduc tio n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . • . . . . . . . . .. 1
I - Savings and Loan Assoc iations ....... .. .... ... .. ... ............. 4
Genera 1 View.. . .................. . .. . ... ... ......... .. .... . 4
St. Casimir's ... . . .... . .... .. . • ........ . . .... ... .... . . ..... 8
New Michael's ..... .. ... •...... . ....... . .. .. .......... . ....• 10
Other Associations ....... ... ........... ....... ... .......... 11
Recommendations . ..... . .. ... .... . ..•...... . .... . .. . ... ... .. . 12
Da ta ... .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .............. . .... . ••. ... .. . . .. ... . 16
II - Equi tab Ie Trus t Bank . .... ..... . . ...................... .. ....... 24
General View . . .. ... ..... .. ... ..... . •... .•. .. ......... . .. .. . 24
Recommendatio ns . . .. . . . . .. ... ...............•.....•. . ....... 26
Data ... . . . . . . .. ........... ... ........ .... .•. . .... . . ........ 27
�INTRODUCTION
Anyone familiar with the teeming tenement conditions of a
•
city like New York can understand the pride with which Baltimore looks
on its own housing.
Even with the increasing number of apartment
pr ojects Baltimore remains a city of neighborhoods of one and two family
dwellings.
Underneath the neighborhood facade, however, housing has
experienced a subtle but cataclysmic change during the sixties.
After
a post-d ep ressi on period of steady increase, the percentage of owneroccupied dwelling units declined from 54 .3% in 1960 to 44.5% in 1970.
The drop is roughly equivalent to that experienced during the depression
and puts the percentage of home owne rship in Baltimore down almost
to the level of 1940.
This decline in home ownership is not directly related to
the increase in black population for the percentage of ownership among
both black and white decreased significantly.
In fact, black families
increased their number of owner-occupied units some 25 % in the decade but
due to the increasing need of housing among blacks, this increase of
25%, as a percentage of the total number of black-occupied units, is
actually a decrease from 34.5% in 1960 to 30.1% in 1970.
White families
have always received preferential treatment from real estate services
and since the depression the mortgage assistance of the FHA.
These
advantages, however, were to no avail in the city during the si x ties
when home ownership by white families declined from a high of 62.5% in
1960 to 54.2% of their dwelling units in 1970.
The increase in the
number of rented units in the city during the decade comes to about
35,000 while the decrease of owner-occu pi e d units amounts to about
22,000.
(see Table I)
- 1 -
�- 2 -
It is probably impossible to analyse adequately the complex
array of circumstances which is transforming Baltimore into a tenant
•
community.
One deterrent to the black family's purchase of property
has surely been a fear of getting entangled with the exploiter, a
situation which now strains the energies of thousands of black buyers.
But even if a black family desires to buy a home on the just housing
market, he often remains at the mercy of a mortgage money market which
has shown itself anxious to finance the exploiter and the real estate
investor while at the same time denying mortgage money to families.
During the sixties it was nearly impossible for a black family to finance
a modest home without paying unjust fees.
In "serving" the black com-
munity the mortgage money institution controls a scarce resource.
Like
medieval lords exacting heavy tolls on road and river traffic, the
institution and its management are able to exact the toll of points,
origination fees, appraisal fees, and the like.
Often it will try to
lend a family money for repairs over and above what is needed to purchase
the home Simply. because its policies eliminate lending under $10,000.00
to families while at the same time exploiters and property holders find
ready access to sums of money of any size.
What extra profits accrue
to lending institutions involved in this type of business penalize the
city resident over and above any reasonable responsibility to shareholders or stockholders.
Sometimes, in fact, the extra profits, by way
of cash or influence, are pocketed directly by the management.
In
such a way the powerful instrument of mortgage money aids the transformation of Baltimore into an exploited tenant community; only a just
distribution of mortgage money back into the city from which it comes
can reverse this trend.
�- 3 The lion's share of mortgage money fi nancing the transfer
of housing during the sixties comes from three s ources: the building,
•
savings and loan associations , the commercial and mutual savings banks
and the mortgage investment companies.
Each institution among the
several hundred institutions in the city chooses from a variety of
specialized investment po licies.
As an example of such a choice a
mortgage investment company might choose to limit its mortgage lending
to families buying new homes in federally insured or subsidized projects.
Or a savings and loan might choose to lend money almost exc lusively to
landlords or, as was the case with Jefferson Federa l Savings and Loan
Association in the sixties, to families buying from real estate companies at exploitative prices.
Each policy remains flexible but a
given institution over a limited amount of time can gene rall y be
classified by . the speciali zed type of financing which it undertakes.
If many mortgage institutions in our city adopt th e same policy, whole
segments of its citizens can be effect ively exploited or effectively
blacklisted.
In the past fears of deterioration caused a black listing
by geography, a self-fulfilling mechanism for turning whole inner city
areas into slums.
Other more subtle forms of blacklisting are now
being practiced: Mortgage institutions blacklist whit e or black families
in such a way as to steer them to the neighborhood s in which they will
create the greatest instability; they also blacklist th e working-class
family by making it difficult for them to ob tain small amounts of
mortgage money for the purchase of urban homes.
The following sections survey only a small grou p o f lending
institutions.
In the first section some building, savings and loan
associations are evaluated with mixed results.
Associations like St. Casimir's
show that mortgage lending can be both just and profitable.
A·group
of state-chartered associations, however, with some inter-locking
�- 4 leadership, did a majority of its lending to investors or families buying
from speculators.
New Michael's, one of these state institutions, is
shown to have a business policy in 1968 in sharp contrast to St. Casimir's.
In the second section Equitable Trust Bank is identified as a strong
supporter of the real estate speculator and investor while it consistently
blacklisted the city family.
I. SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS
At the beginning of the depression over half the dwelling
units in Baltimore City were owner-occupied.
The ability of families
to own their own homes was due in no small measure to the building and
loan associations which dotted the city neighborhoods.
Churches,
fraternal associations and ethnic groups organized associations so
that members could buy a piece of the city following a model that in
this country dates back to 1831.
An historical marker erected in 1931
in the Frankford section of Philadelphia commemorates the first association in the United States, the Oxford Provident Building Association,
and the contribution of all associations "to the extension of home
ownership and to the consequent strengthening of the ideals of individual liberty on the basis of the family dwelling."
The mere sound of the names of the associations in Baltimore
instilled confidence into the hearts of immigrant groups adjusting to
the American way: Bohemian Building and Loan, Garibaldi, St. Casimir's,
Kosciuszko, Slovan and Germania to name a few.
In those days a friendly
neighborhood atmosphere was not difficult to maintain.
One factor leading
to the neighborhood atmosphere may have been the laissez faire manner in which the local savings and loan could operate.
Up to 1961
Maryland's saving and loan industry successfully fought the creation of
its own state regulatory agency.
Such a lack of regulation, in contrast
�- 5 -
to all other states save Alaska, may have fostered a neighborhood
atmosphere but it also invited speculative interests into the state
•
to take advantage of what one new entrant called "the last frontier of
free enterprise in America."
The state industry found itself threatened
by the competition and the instability of these associations established
by outsiders.
threatening.
The instability of some local ass ociations was also
For these reasons the associations on the whole supported
the foundation of the State Building, Savings and Loan Assoc iation
Commission.
Its main effort is directed thr ough the monitoring of
association leadership and practice to the preventi on of association
failure and the c onsequent loss of public confidence in all state
associations.
There is evidence below, however, that the industry
needs more careful supervision in order t o carry out the stated purpose
of state regulation:
The savings and l oan business has so expanded in
recent years and has become so integrated with
the financial institutions of this state and is
so important as a method of promoting home ownership and thrift, that such business is affected with
a public interest and shall be supervised as a
business affecting the economic security and general
welfare of the people of this state (State of
Maryland Annotated Code, 23, section 144.).
The code follows the legal traditi on of the state in noting that the
purpose of the building and l oan ass ociati on is the promo tion of "home
ownership and thrift."
In a 1923 judgment a Baltimore Circuit Court
stated that "the distinguishing mark of a building ass oc iation is the
loan of money to its members to be used in the purchase of real and
leasehold property, usuall y for homes of the borrowing members ... "
(Lakeview Building and Loan Association vs . Beyer, 4 Balto. City Reports
177 , 178 (1923).
In a more recent opininion delivered by the chief
�- 5 -
to all other states save Alaska, ma y have fostered a neighborhood
atmosphere but it als o invited speculative interests into the state
•
to take advantage of what one new entrant called "the last frontier of
free enterprise in America ."
The state industry found itself threatened
by the competition and the instability of these ass ociations established
by outsiders.
threatening.
The instability of some local ass ocia t ions was also
For these reasons th e associations on the whole supported
the f oundation of the State Building, Savings and Loan Association
Commission.
Its main effort is directed thr ough the monitoring of
association leadership and practice to the pr evention of association
failure and the consequent loss of public confidence in all state
associations.
There is evidence below, however, that the industry
needs more careful supervision in o rd e r t o carry out the stated purpose
of state regulation :
The savings and l oan business has so expanded in
recent years and has become so integrated with
the financial institutions of this stat e and is
so important as a method of promot ing home owne rship and thrift , that such business is affected with
a public interest and shall be supervis ed as a
business affecting th e economic s ecu rit y and general
welfare of the people of this state (State of
Maryland Annotated Code, 23, section 144 . ).
The code follows the legal tradition of the state in noting that the
purpose of the building and l oan ass ociati on is the promotion of "home
ownership and thrift . "
In a 192 3 judgment a Baltimore Circuit Court
stated that "the distingu ishing mark of a building ass oc iation is the
loan of money to its members t o be used in the purchase of real and
leasehold pr operty, usuall y for homes of the borrowing members ... "
(Lakeview Building and Loan Association vs. Beyer, 4 Ba1to. City Reports
177,1 78 (1923).
In a more recent opininion delivered by the chief
�- 6 judge of the Maryland Court of Appeals, mortgages for commercial purposes were included as a legitimate investment of an association but
•
only conditionally:
'~ile
the general purposes of the building asso-
ciation are to promote thrift and to facilitate the purchase of homes
or both, such associations which have a surplus may invest it in
mortgages for commercial purposes ..... (Poole vs. Miller, 211 Md. 448).
Any just interpretation of "commercial purposes" must surely exclude
from the purpose of the building association the support of exploitative
real estate trading and of a systematic accumulation of rental property
by landlords.
Thomas Harlan Eminizer, the newly-appointed director of the
Building, Savings and Loan Association Commission, in a recent interview agreed that it is the intent of the law that associations commit
only surpluses to the financing of real estate speculators or landlords.
He claimed, however, that he knew of no association which is at the
present time heavily involved in this kind of financing.
His chief
examiner stated that there was a time when mortgage money was plentiful
and it was not unusual for an association to have to find outlets for
depositors' money .
Anyone who has followed a black family around from
association to association to find financing knows that such a period
of real surpluses has not existed during the sixties.
Moreover, only
outlandish terms landed white families money to buy property in such
areas as Charles Village during the last few years.
If surpluses
exist, they are artificial and reflect the management's utter inability
to fulfill
the need for which the associations exist.
Another important factor which led to the neighborhood
nature of the savings and loan association is its organizational structure.
�- 7 Many associations in Maryland are mutual associations.
This means
that the depositors, known as free shareholders, and borrowers alike
•
have a legal position as owners of the association.
They possess the
legal power to control policies through majority vote and the selection
of the board of directors.
even aware of their rights.
But nowadays most shareholders are not
In practice even those shareholders who
are aware sign over their voting rights to the directors.
Only rarely
are members encouraged to attend the annual meetings which are legally
required.
Usually only directors are present at these meetings during
which they are self-elected and place a rubber stamp on their own
policies.
Moreover, there is a glaring contradiction between the ideals
of mutualists and the reluctance of the leaders and managers of the
industry to provide their members with substantial information about
their associations.
The ignorance and lack of participation of the shareholders
contributes t o a situation dangerous to the association in many ways.
The directors are very often real estate brokers or salesmen, lawyers,
appraisers, insurance agents and so forth.
self-dealing is great.
Thus, the potential for
Over and above income from salaries, directors'
fees and earnings on their deposits, the directors can have their
judgment about mortgage loans blinded by the personal profits accruing
to them in the form of origination fees, lawyers' fees, appraisal fees,
real estate and insurance commissions and the like.
loan several hundred dollars
Even on a small
can be self-dealt to the directors.
The
enticements involved in perverting a savings and loan into the mistress
of the exploiter and the landlord may be even greater.
(see Table 3)
�- 8 -
But wh ether an association is a mutual associa tion or
alternately, a guaranty stock association in which voting rights are
not held by the ordinar y depositors, Mr. Eminizer stated that the
purpose of the ass ociati on, thrift and home ownership, remains exactly
the same.
In both cases, he said, the purpose of his commi ssion is
to pro tect the memb ers of the association .
He was careful to point
out that members legally include not on ly people depositing savings
in the association but also th ose wh o borrow from the association.
With this background the recent business of two stateregulated savings and l oan associations, New Michael's and St. Casimir's,
both with neighborh oo d origins in High land town , can be contrasted.
An analysis shows how one association, St . Casimir ' s, can rightly be
called an instrument strengthening "th e ideals of individual liberty"
while the other, New Michael's, has been used t o enslave fami lies in
the exploitative h ousing market .
St. Cas imir' s
W ll below Patterson Park at O'Donnell and Kenwood Streets
e
sits the church of St. Casimir's.
Some sixty years ago members of
this parish, some of them merchants and shopkeepers, founded the St.
Casimir's Savings and Loan Association.
In its early years it served
the ethnic groups in its immediate neighborhood by providing financing
for home ownership.
But now St. Casimir's is large enough to extend
its expertise allover the eastern half of the city and into adjacent
Baltimore County as well.
Its main office now stands at th e busy
intersection of Dundalk and Eastern Avenues poised t o serve the suburban
areas east of the city.
But unwilling to sever itself from that part
of the city which gave it pirth, St. Casimir's still retains a branch
office right in the heart of Highlandtown.
�- 9 -
The management of St. Casimir's no longer types it as a
neighborhood association but continues to follow its founding purpose providing mortgages for home owne rs no matter how inexpensive the
home.
Its po licies embrace an occasional loan to an investor but
only rarely has it dealt with the exploite r in the black housing market.
Working class families are very often refused small amounts
of mortgage money t o purchas e homes.
Lending institutions complain
about the low r e turn on such a mortgage because of service charges
fixed on a mortgage of any size.
St. Casimir's, however, accepts many
small mortgages as this following table shows:
Year
Number of mortgage loans
made in the city*
Percentage of these loans
which were $8000 or less
1968
189
74%
1970
192
70%
Such a practice contrasts sharply with the policy of a prominent federal
savings and loan which limits the number of small mortgages to less than
5% of its total number.
the income.
Otherwise, the president says, costs outrun
It is in this light that St. Casimir's can be said to be
helping the little guy.
The impressive record of St. Casimir's could possibly be
offset by the fact that many of these small loans could be going to
investors.
But this was not the case in 1968 when only eight of its
city loans went to companies or to people readily identified as investors.
*In all the statistics in this report a mortgage loan is a first
mortgage loan made for the purpose of purchasing real estate. It does
not include second mortgages, refinancing mortgages, loans for home
repairs (such 'mortgages" bear higher interest rates) and the like.
�- 10 This information by no means gives a complete picture of
the business of St . Casimir's; any free shareholder should be entitled
to much mor e.
Yet the picture of its business is clear eno ugh to con-
trast it with New Michael's.
New Michae l' s
New Michael's is an older organization, first chartered in
1885.
In 1912 it was doing business ou t of an office about ten blocks
southwest of its present site just north of Patterson Park.
It must
have promoted home ownership in its neighborhood at one time but by
the fifties there is evidence that New Michael's was doing business
well outside its area in the changing neighborhoods west of downtown.
It appears that while other associations like St. Casimir ' s continued
t o support home ownership in Canton and Highlandtown, the policy of
New Michael's was decided not by
or for the local free shareho lders
but by and for investors who work in the black and mixed neighborhoods
of Baltimore.
the city.
New Michael's processed fifty-three loans in 1968 in
Twenty-three of them were made in West Baltimore neighbor -
hoods whil e twenty of them were made along the Greenmount corridor
north of North Avenue.
Thirty-five of these l oans are to investors
or t o families buying from investors.
In the latter case i nvest ors
s e lling real estate to families marked up houses an average of 90%,
purchasing fifteen of them at B2,367 and reselling them at 157,460
dollars.
The management of New Michael ' s controls at least two o ther
savings and loans with virtually the same type of policies, one on the
west side, Lib ert y Bui l ding and Loan and another on E. 25th Street,
Homewo od Savings and Loan.
Together the assets of these associations
amount t o about 3\ mi l lion dollars.
The perve r sion of this free
shareh o ld ers' money to exploit their neighbors , ruin their n eighborhoods
�- 11 -
and further the commercial interests of landlords should not be t o lerated
by the regulatory agency of this state.
Whatever gains come to the
management from this type of perversion should be car efu lly inves tigated
by the agency and legislation promoted to reflect the criminal nature
of these prof its.
Other Associations
Table II in the data section shows that New Michael's is not
f o llowing a unique policy.
Many associations, both state and f ede rally
chartered, cooperated substantially with the exploiter and the investor
in the past decade.
The list in the data section names on ly twenty-
four of these associations which were chosen because of th e extent
of their investor-re lated activity in 1968.
ciations lent over
4~
In that year these asso-
million dollars, or 78% of the t ota l money lent in
the city by them in 1968, to investors or to exploit families buying from
investors.
These 690 investor-r e late d l oans acco unt for 12% of the
mortgage loans mad e in Baltimo re City in 1968.
What the percentage is
for th e approximately 250 associations operating in the city would
involve a more thor uugh study.
Of these twenty-four associations, twenty-one, r es ponsible
for three million dollars o f the
4~
million loaned, are state-chartered
and under the dir e ct supervision of the state commission.
According to
the intent of building and l oan law and court opinion in the state
these associations can assist commercial investment in real estate
onl y if they have a surplus of money.
The commission sh ould demand
that these associations prove that they had a surplus to the extent
of 76% of th eir city-lending power in 1968. *
And if the commission
is willing to remain blind to the exploitation of borrowers, families
*Ve ry few of these associations made loans outside the city
which would significantly alter the percentage of investor-related
lending calculated on ly in terms of city lending.
�- 12 buying from exploiters, it should at least demand that these institutions show that they had the 58% surplus to lend directly to investors
and landlords.
No one claims that landlords should be blacklisted but
commercial banks and not associations which proudly claim to be
established to promote "thrift and home ownership" should be their
main source of money.
So
far for 1971 no data has been collected which indicates
the amount of money still being lent by these associations to exploit
families and promote the landlord.
However, a study of the land records
indicates that in the first six months of 1971 only about 255 mortgage
~s
have been made by these twenty-four associations, a drop of about
40% from 1968.
Perhaps as many as 50% of these loans have been made
to families without investor involvement.
The public welfare demands,
however, that the state director order a complete study of these
associations to determine if they are lending within the law.
The recommendations which follow are offered in the hope
that associations which have served families by providing for both
the promotion of thrift and home ownership will receive their just
reward of public esteem and confidence.
The associations cited, how-
ever, cast a pall upon the whole industry and until their practices
are eliminated the industry will continue to suffer in the seventies
from the same sort of suspicions which prompted the creation of the
Building, Savings and Loan Commission in 1961.
Recommendations
No new legislation is required to halt the exploitation of
Baltimore's neighborhoods with its own money.
The state director of
the Building, Savings and Loan Association Commission is fully empowered
�- 13 to investigat e as sociations whose business so endangers the public
welfare and t o in form the public of the results of his inves t i gation .
•
Sinc e these ass oc i a tions have carried on their business right under
the nose of the commis s ion without its taking any action, it can only
be assumed that tax payers unwittingly support this commission t o
protect the inves tment opportunities of associations' managements and
local , investors r ath er than to protect themselves.
A vigorous i nvesti-
gation of the a ss ociations named here should be conducted to de termine:
1)
Th e extent of self-dealing when the director s of a
gi ven association authorize loans to property investors
or families buying from speculators, e.g., when New
Michael ' s lends money to a family buying from Goldseker,
what by way of finder's fees, origination fee s, points,
commissions and the like accrue to the associat ion or
its directors over and above those involved in th e
norma l mortgage market?
2)
Wh ich a s sociations have ties with real estate fi rms
or property investors by means of directors , off icers
or counsel who are also brokers or agents, e. g . , a real
est ate broker, Alvin M. Lapidus, who invests in real
esta te under the name of AMG, Inc. is also the attorney
f or Woodmoor Savings and Loan Association wh os e
pres i dent and secretary are Stanley I. Lapidu s a nd Iris
S. Lap i dus .
Other investors who dir ectly b i nd an
as sociat ion and a real estate company are t h e fo llowing:
Wal ter Becker is the president of AI-Walt Corporation
and a director of Un iversal Bui l ding and Loan; Zell C.
�- 14 Hurwitz is a broker with Ben-Hur Realty and a director
of Sharon Building and Loan Association.
3)
(see Table 3)
Which of these associations had a surplus in 1968
which they could invest "in mortgages f or coumercia1
purposes" and which have surpluses now.
If an asso-
ciation consistently places its mone y in commercial
investments, its charter should be revoked and the
money permitted to serve commercial interests in a
financial institution designed for that purpose.
The law regarding the purpose of an association should be
clarified so that those associations which do not follow out the purpose are penalized.
1)
Some suggestions for this law are:
On all mortgage loans made by associations to families
to purchase homes, the purchase price paid by the seller
should be indicated together with the date of that
purchase.
2)
Tax penalties should be levied against associations
proportionate to the amount of mortgage money lent to
real estate companies and investors.
In this way
management can be forced to develop contacts with
home buyers and serve them rather than make painful
deals with investors.
3)
Only a very small percentage of money lent by an association each year should be allowed to go to families
buying from a single real estate company or from real
estate companies with interlocking officers.
4)
Associations should be obligated to report, not only
to the commission but also to the members whom the
�- 15 commission is protecting, the amount of money lent each
year to families for home buying purposes.
•
5)
State funds should be invested by law in associations
which consistently lend to families.
�TABLE I
YEAR
troTAL NUMBER OF
HOUSING UNITS
IN BALTO. CITY
TOTAL NUMBER
OF OCCUPIED
UNITS
OWNER-OCCUPIED UNITS
AS % OF UNITS OCCUPIED
NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF
1.
BLACK ~RWHITE OWNEROCCUPIED OCCUPIED UNITS OCCUPIED UNITS
OWNERS BY RACE
,
TOTAL
BLACK
1930
193,991
1940
236,442
227,360
96%
3,254
1950
277 ,880
268,501
97%
1960
290,155
275,597
1970
305,521
287,500
~
NA
NA
NA
NA
50 . 3
89,651
8.4
47 . 5
40 . 8
12,441
126,292
24.0
58 . 3
51.7
95%
27,628
122,050
34 . 3
62.5
54.3
95%
34,299
93,986
30.1
54 . 2
44.5
NA
NA
WHITE
�TABLE II Key to Table
1)
Association
2)
Address of Association
3)
Approximate Assets
4)
Number and dollar amount of mortgage loans to purchase real estate
(1968)
made in 1968 in Baltimore City (Source: Land Records of Baltimore
City).
5)
Number and dollar amount of these loans going to investors (A
real estate company or an individual who made two or more purchases of real estate in the city in 1968 is known as an investor.
Since the 1968 records could not be exhaustively studied to determine
the number of purchases by every individual financed by these
associations, this figure is likely to be smaller than it actually
was . ).
6)
Number and dollar amount of these loans going to families buying
from investors.
7)
Average mark-up by the investor on the sales financed by loans
going to families under statement 6.
This does not include pos-
sible increases in ground rent.
8)
Percentage of total money lent going to investors or to families
buying from investors (city lending).
9)
Percentage of total money lent going to invest~rs alone (city lending).
- 17 -
�- 18 -
Totals for 24 Associations
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
•
108
827
482
208
77%
78%
45%
million dollars
- 5,457,201
- 2,490,415
- 1,788,594
(for 23 associations)
State-Chartered Associations
l.
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2.
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3.
1-
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
4.
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Alamo Permanent Building and Loan Association
221 E. North Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21202
~ million dollars
6 -41,100
6 -41,100
100%
100%
Ashburton Building and Loan Association, Inc.
Sutton Place
~ million dollars
29 - 147,400
26 - 128,100
87%
87%
Aztec Savings and Loan Association
North Avenue and Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21213
over ~ million dollars
9 - 63,030
2 - 11 ,550
7 - 51,480
93%
100%
18%
Baltimore Building and Loan Association
1 East Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21202
over 3/4 million dollars
38 - 188,500
24 - 106,000
3 - 26,200
66%
70%
57%
�- 19 5.
•
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Business Men's Building Association
301 Munsey Building, 21202
over 3/4 million dollars
19 - 81,000
12 - 55,700
69%
69%
1. Fairfax Savings and Loan Association
2. 110 E. Lexington Street, 21202
3. over ~ million dollars
4.24-77,750
5. 19 - 60,550
6.
7.
8.
9.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
First Progressive Building and Loan Association
1341 W. North Avenue, 21217
over 1 million dollars
44 - 235,000
24 - 133,050
8.
9.
7.
78%
78%
57'7.
57'7.
l.
2.
3.
Irving Permanent Building and Loan Association
1303 Court Square Building, 21202
under ~ million dollars
23 - 82,400
14 - 41,950
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
9.
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
51%
51%
Lazaretto Permanent Building and Loan Association
113 S. Clinton Street, 21224
over ~ million dollars
8 - 68,654
9.
8 - 68,654
77%
100%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Liberty Building and Loan Association
1681 W. North Avenue, 21217
under 1 million dollars
13 - 88,610
8 - 36,200
3 - 25,410
7.
73%
8.
9.
70%
41%
6.
7.
8.
10.
�- 20 11.
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mortgage Loan and Savings Association
301 Munsey Building, 21202
l~ million dollars
44 - 296,750
28 - 184,150
7.
8.
9.
12.
62%
62%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
New Michael's Permanent Savings and Loan Association
400 N. Milton Avenue, 21224
under 2~ million dollars
53 - 309,030
25 - 133,750
15 - 88,750
90%
8.
13.
14.
72%
9.
43%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Northeastern Bohemian Savings and Loan Association
6721 Harford Road, 21234
14 million dollars
153 - 879,077
112 - 621,677
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Northeastern Loan and Savings Association
4335 York Road, 21212
1\ million dollars
21 - 180,400
1 1,500
20 - 178,900
81%
100%
.6%
9.
15.
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
16.
71%
71%
Premier Savings and Loan Association
6257 Kenwood Avenue, 21237
6 million dollars
36 - 279,150
6 - 37,500
24 - 194,900
80%
83%
13%
5.
6.
Sharon Building and Loan Association
232 N. Liberty Street, 21201
2
million dollars
38 - 337,840
17 - 162,140
13 - 112,900
7.
?
8.
9.
82%
48%
l.
2.
3.
4.
�- 21 -
5.
Slovanstvo Savings and Loan Association
2428 E. Monument Street, 21205
3/4 million dollars
10 - 52,100
8 - 38,100
6.
7.
8.
9.
17.
73%
73%
l.
2.
3.
4.
•
18.
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Summit Building and Loan Association
1 East Redwood Street, 21202
140 thousand dollars
13 - 53,000
12 - 50,800
7.
8.
9.
19.
20.
21.
96%
96%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Universal Building and Loan Association
5218 Reisterstown Road, 21215
3/4 million dollars
11 - 51,800
10 - 46,800
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Vanguard Savings and Loan Association
7114 North Point Road, 21219
3/5 million dollars
49 - 279,800
44 - 235,700
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Woodmoor Savings and Loan Association
5314 Reisterstown Road, 21215
~ million dollars
24 - 137,000
19 - 110,100
90%
90%
84%
84%
81%
81%
Totals for State-Chartered Associations
3.
4.
5.
6.
34.4 million dollars
663 - 3,930,391
458 - 2,261,667
24
194,900
7.
8.
9.
80% (except Sharon BL)
83%
13%
�- 22 Associations with Federal Charters
l.
•
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2.
Jefferson Federal Savings and Loan Association
215 E. Fayette Street, 21202
8 million dollars
78 - 719,450
5 - 30,500
69 - 654,750
82%
95%
.4%
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3.
Patapsco Federal Savings and Loan Association
6730 Holabird Avenue, 21222
6 million dollars
16 - 104,150
8 - 38,150
2 - 17,600
76%
53%
36%
12.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Uptown Federal Savings and Loan Association
6609 Reisterstown Road , 21215
60 million dollars
70 - 703,210
11 - 160,098
44 - 389,300
58%
78%
23%
l.
Sub-Totals for 3 Associations With Federal Charters:
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
72 million dollars
164 - 1,52u,810
24 228,748
115 - 1,061,650
73%
85%
1570
TABLE III
This table lists some of the positions in those savings and
loans of Table II which are held by men with influential and profitable
positions in real estate.
Many savings and loan directors are also in
such businesses as building material supply and insurance.
This list
�- 23 -
•
is limited to the real estate business proper because, wherever a real
estate broker or salesman serves on the board of an association, an
•
automatic "conflict of interest environment" arises.
His interests,
prompt and adequate financing of his properties, may be served best
by specific action contrary t o the interest of the association and the
public.
First, however, any investigation into self-dealing by the
directors of these 21 state-chartered associations is complicated by
the fact that a surprising number of men, sixteen, were directors,
officers or attorneys of two or more of these associations, relating
twelve of these associations to at least one other of these twenty-one.
The lists of brokers and salesmen who were directors of these
21 follows:
Brokers
Name
Director of
Real Estate Company
Elliott Miller
David Buchman
Samuel J. Aaron
Charles F. Hemelt
Morton E. Baker
Charles F. Hemelt
Zell C. Hurwit z
Walter Becker
Ashburton BL
Fairfax SL
First Progressive BLA
Liberty BL
Mortgage LS
New Michael's PSL
Sharon BL
Universal BL
Midway Realty Co.
Stanway Realty Co.
Major Realty Service
Trades in own name
"
"
Ben-Hur Realty
Trades in own name
At least another broker is an attorney with an association whose president is his blood brother:
Alvin M. Lapidus
Attorney with Woodmoor SL
AMG, Inc.
Salesmen
Name
Director of
Salesman with
Rhea B. Snyder
Albert G. Aaron
Oscar I. Zerwitz
Norman L. Herold
Business Men's (sic) B
First Progressive BL
C. Snyder Agency
Major Realty Co.
Banner Realty Co.
Vincent and Daily
"
Lazaretto PBL
�- 24 c ont'd
•
Name
•
Director of
Salesman with
Raymond A. Holter
W.E. Edmonst on
Edward Gryni ewski
Leonard Cohen
New Michae l' s PBL
Northeastern LS
Northeastern Bohemian SL
W dmoor SL
oo
W.H. Suchting, Jr .
Douglas 1. Brown
Bel Air Realty
AMG, Inc.
Final l y, a director of one of the state associations among
these, Baltimore BL, is also a director of National City Bank of
Baltimore.
II. EQUITABLE TRUST BANK
Commercial banks are not Bui lding, Sav ings and Loan Associations.
Their purpose is not to 'promote thrift and home ownership. '
Their primar y conc e rn is not to increase families' savings, or to
provid e mortgages for families buying homes.
A commercial bank per-
forms two basic functions; it holds money on demand (commercia l banks
h old 75% of the nation ' s money) and it c r ea t es money by l ending the
money it h o lds .
The Equitable Trust Company of Baltimore, Maryland, is a
commercial bank.
1970.
It holds money: $304,343,839 in demand deposits in
It l ends money: $3 18 , 263,2 19 in l oans in 1970.
In effec t i t
a ls o is a savings bank: in 1970 it held $154,87 6,254 in sav ings accounts
and $68,652,946 in oth e r time deposits.
It also grants mort gages:
in 1970 ab out $9,000,000 in new mortgages.
The Equitabl e Trust Company of Baltimore, Maryland, ca lls
itself a " full service bank. "
On the radio ETC says, "You know you can
get a mortgage at Equitabl e to buy a home."
But a study of ETC's land
business in the years 19 68 and 1970 shows that ve ry few families in
Baltimore City do , as a matter of fact, obtain mortgages from ETC to
buy homes.
�- 25 In summary the data below show that ETC financed only a
•
small number of famili es purchasing homes in th e city; and very few
were buying low cost housing.
•
to families to buy homes.
In 1968 possibl y forty-five loans went
Four of these loans went to persons officially
connected with the bank; onl y fou r others were under $9000.
In 1970
only two of thirty-thre e possible mortgages for family home buying
were under $9000 (see Table D).
A family purchasing a modest home in
the city is not likely to get mortgage money from ETC if it is to judge
from the rec ord rather than from advertisements.
Managers of the
twenty-one city offices, in fact, are likely to be un fami liar with
procedures f or m ga ge lending to families since on th e average a
ort
manager made only 1. 6 such mortgage loans in all of 1970.
On
the other hand, according to Table E, ETC's policies in
1968 show mortga ge support for the investor, mainly thr ough the acceptance
of short term assignments*from the Goldseker Companies and from Jefferson
Federal Savings and Loan.
$70,000 in 1968.
Lending to specu lat ors amounted to at least
Maybe two or three hundred th ousand dollars .
This
is not much if compared t o Mar y land National Bank, which l en t over
$800,000 to Lee Realty (a Goldseker Co.) in 1968.
It is not much when
compared to ETC's financin g in the first half of the 60 's of Kay Realty,
the Eagle Corp., Forest Realty, Lee Realty, Land Realt y, Jay Realty,
Book Realty, the Kenneth Co., Linwood Realty, the Lynn Corporation,
Mel Realty, and Safet y Realty, (al l Goldseker Companies) and God know.
how many others .
It does not compare to the $5,500,000 loan that
Goldseker got from the Manufacturers' Lif e Insurance Co . of Canada
through the agency of ETC.
And i n 1970 ETC was even
bette~
almost
cutting out completely its business with speculators and lending over
*See p. 33, bottom.
�- 26 -
•
$4,000,000 (Government insured?) for a housing project .
almost commendab l e .
•
The change is
But the thoughtless neighbor hood bu lly is not
commended when h e stops taking the candy away from the sma ll children
because ev er yone ' s pointing at him.
And a bank is not commende d when
it s t ops taking money from the exploitation of poor people, wh en the
expl oitors wh om t he bank had financed are being taken to court and
their actions have been publicized in newspapers and on TV.
And a
bank is not t o be commended because it has granted two mor tga ges
under $9,000 t o t wo families for them to buy homes, or because it has
granted home buying mor t gages to thirty-three families in t he wh ol e
city of Baltimore .
Recommendations
Th e pas t history of ETC ' s involvement with specu l a t or s and
ETC's ni ggardliness in granting family home buying mortgages, e specially
in the l ow and middle income range, urge the necessity of government
regulation t o prot ect the public welfare.
ETC and the other comme rcial
banks, with their tremendous pa ce - setting influence, must be fo rced to
make mor e f und s ava i l able to Baltimore City families to buy houses.
1.
Th e same s ort of restriction should be put on commercial
banks
not i n considerable savings deposi t s as hav e been
pl aced on savings and loan association funds .
Sp e cifically ,
f r om 50% t o 75% of savings deposits and ot he r t ime deposits
sh oul d be r eserved for family home buying mortgages.
2.
Commercial banks should be obligate d t o a ssis t t h e savings
and l oan industry in making l oans to fami lie s buy ing
directly from families.
Either by buying up a certain
amount of th ese mortgages from such sav ings and l oans or
�- 27 by investing a certain percentage of their trust funds
•
in such savings and loans.
3.
The city, state and federal government should not deposit
tax-payers' money in banks that do not promote the public
good by financing family home buying .
4.
Citizens' groups interested in housing in Baltimore City
should promote investment in banking houses that promote
home ownership, and should actively discourage investment in banking houses that actively or passively discourage
the buying of homes by families.
Data - ETC
In 1968 ETC granted 141 mortgages and 277 covenants, totaling
about six million dollars.
The covenants, in effect second, small,
short term mortgages, accounted for about 17% of the money.
Of the mort-
gages proper 45 on already owned property amounted to $2,071,700 or
about 34% of the money ETC lent on property.
The remaining 96 mortgages
were for the purchase of property and amounted to $2,985,650 or about
half the money.
ETC's 96 mortgages represent 2% of the total number
of property buying mortgages granted in the city in 1968.
In 1970 ETC granted 91 mortgages and 142 covenants, totaling
about $9,500,000.
About 6% of the money was in covenants; 36% or
$3,450,700 in 30 mortgages on property already owned; and 58% or
$5,603,900 in 61 mortgages to purchase property.
ETC's 61 property
buying mortgages are 1% of the total number of such mortgages granted
in the city in 1970.
Thus there was a decrease in the number of mortgages of 37%
and an increase in money of 88%, most of the increase being accounted
�
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Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
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This exhibit provides an introduction to the work of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) around issues of racial integration in housing and tenants' rights from the 1950s to the 2000s.
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The Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 22 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 32 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
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Baltimore Under Siege: The Impact of Financing on the Baltimore Home Buyer (1960-1970)
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A computer-based study of exploitative lending practices to African American homebuyers in Baltimore City during the 1960s
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Baltimore (Md.)
Discrimination in housing
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Activists, Inc.
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bni06.01.42a
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Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records (R0015-BNI), series VI, box 1, folder 42, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
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Baltimore (Md.)
Discrimination in housing
House buying
Loans
Mortgage banks
Race discrimination
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Text
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Office of Policy Development and Research
The BaHimore Plan
for Affirmative Marketing
in Real Estate
�THE BALTIMORE PLAN FOR AFFIRMATIVE MARKETllC IN REAL ESTATE
FINAL REPORT
u.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Office of Policy Development and Research
Contract H-2348
August 1983
�This report is based on documents developed by the Baltimore
Plan, a cooperative venture in affirmative marketing of real
estate. This Plan was supported in part by the Office of
Policy Development and Research, U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development under Contract No. H-2348. The contact
for these materials is:
Mr. George B. Laurent
Executive Director
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
319 East 25th Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218
(301) 243-6007
The cost of these items, including postage, are:
Bal timore Plan
Outline of BP given to sale associates
"How to do it" manual
House Hun ters Hand book
Manual for Steering Seminars
$2.50
$0.75
$2.50
$1.60
$2 .50
The views and conclusions contained in this report do not
necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of HUD or the
U.S. Government.
�FOREWORD
This administration has a strong commitment to voluntary affirmative
marketing efforts in fair housing. The following report documents a
broad ranging approach to voluntarism in the city of Baltimore.
Beginning in 1976, with HUD support, the Greater Baltimore Board of
Realtors, the Real Estate Brokers of Baltimore, Inc., and Baltimore
Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI), joined hands in an experiment with innovative
approaches in which every step depended on the voluntary cooperation
between real estate firms and local private fair housing organizations.
Not all of the strategies and projects attempted in the Baltimore
Plan will be apppropriate for all jurisdictions or under all conditions.
The report does, however, offer other interested groups practical insights
and advice in the areas of fair housing, education, outreach, advertising,
monitoring, research and cooperation on projects of joint concern.
The principal lesson from this report is that the cooperation leveraged
in 1976 continued to exist until January 1983, long after Federal funding
had ended. The Baltimore Plan survived for years because all of the parties
involved recognized the importance of working together on behalf of equal
opportunity in hOUSing.
This report is addressed to fair housing groups and Canmunity Housing
Resource Boards across the country as they search for new approaches which
they can apply and support in their own communities. Each of the activities
described contains the germ of an idea that may bear fruit when undertaken
with the same commitment to voluntarism shown in Baltimore. We are pleased
to present the report for your use.
--1
2
~"A '2C;~~t~~l
;
~. ~
Benjamin • Bobo
Acting
sistant Secretary for
Policy evelopment and Research
~~'-7
Antonio Monroig
Assistant Secretary for Fair
Housing and Equal Opportunity
t
1
�INTROIJU CTlON
The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Samuel Pierce, addressing
a conference of housing and real estate industry representatives in 1982 said:
"I applaud the initiative and commitment of organizations (here)
who are taking the lead in voluntary efforts to further equal
housing opportunity. With you, we are working to build upon the
fo~ndation laid by enforcement to further voluntary cooperative
efforts for fair housing."
The National Association of Realtors, National Association of Real
Estate Brokers, and the National Association of Home Builders are principal
signatories to Voluntary Affirmative Marketing Agreements with HUD. These
Agreements, enacted pursuant to Section 809 of Title VIII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1968, as amended, obligate the national housing industry to
provide information and implement programs that will enable minority and
women buyers to make a free choice of housing location wi toout regard to
race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. They also provide for
the establishment of Community Housing Resource Boards to cooperate with
local real estate boards to implement the agreement and the working together
of real estate brokers and community leaders on specific projects.
The Baltimore Plan for Affirmative Marketing in Real Estate is an
example of cooperation by a fair housing agency and the real estate
industry to reduce racial discrimination in the housing market. The
Baltimore Plan came into being in the fall of 1975 when Baltimore
Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) signed a 2-year research and demonstration
contract with IUD. BNI had already entered into a voluntary partnership
with the area's two principal real estate groups, the Greater Baltimore
Board of Realtors (GBBR) and the Real Estate Brokers of Baltimore, Inc.
(Realtists) to spur affirmative marketing. Because of the preplanning
and Office of Management and Budget approval required, the implementation
and demonstration phase of the Plan did not start until March 1977. BNI
provided the staff support for the Baltimore Plan.
The Baltimore Plan was operated in conjunction with the Voluntary
Affirmative Marketing Agreement (VAMA) of the National Association of
Realtors, which obligates the national housing industry to provide
information and to implement programs that will enable minority and women
buyers to make a free choice of housing location without regard to race,
color, religion, sex, 'o r national origi n. The Baltimore Plan and VAMA
operated as a single plan and in this report will be referred to simply
as the Baltimore Plan.
The first step was to gain the commitment of real estate firms. Of
the estimated 295 firms based in Baltimore City and Baltimore County who
were members of the Central Maryland Multiple Listing Service (CMMLS),
60 did an estimated 80 percent of the CMMLS 1978 business. The decision
was made to urge all firms to endorse the Baltimore Plan but to concentrate
efforts on the larger firms. A considerable amount of time (6 months) was
required to sign up a significant numher of companies. The effort included
letters, telephone calls, and personal visits.
2
�Nearly 60 percent of CMMLS member firms endorsed the Baltimore Plan,
22 percent refused to do so, 11 percent considered endorsement, and 9
percent were not approached. In August 1979, it was estimated that firms
in the Baltimore Plan accounted for slightly more than 85 percent of the
dollar volume of CMMLS residential sales. Firm-by-firm volume figures
are no longer available, but there is no reason to believe that Baltimore
Plan endorsers did a smaller share of the dollar volume of business at its
conclusion than in previous years. Most non-endorsers were quite small.
While the principal thrust of the Baltimore Plan was directed toward
affirmative marketing, it also contained significant field work and
research components. The Plan sought to obtain the canmitment of the
individual real estate brokers and sales associates in order to educate
them about affirmative marketing and fair housing and to involve them in
efforts to enhance integrated housing opportunities and increase black
employment in the real estate industry.
The Baltimore Plan had a complicated and difficult set of tasks.
With the voluntary cooperation of the real estate firms, it demonstrated
a number of strategies and techniques for use by similar groups in other
communities. Each step, including initial endorsement of the Plan and
participation in its orientation seminars, required repeated invitations
and contacts. The activities included provision of information on housing,
housing finance, and real estate industry employment opportunities to
minorities; use of the lU 0 Equal Housing Opportunity logo and slogan in
newspaper real estate ads; and collection of records on housing integration.
The field work component of the Plan involved racially changing areas
where allegations of steering and other real estate practices were investigated. There was also an attempt to discover whether racial change was
taking place in predominantly white areas and to assess the community
reaction to such change. The principal research effort was a set of six
before-and-after studies on various aspects of housing discrimination
and integration in the Baltimore area.
The report that follows is in two parts. Part I sets forth in detail
the goals of affirmative marketing and the steps taken in Baltimore to
carry them out. Both productive and unproductive experiences are described,
so that fair housing groups can make informed decisions in drawing up their
own plans. Fuller descriptions of the activities summarized in Part I, as
well as supplementary materials and reports on research activities, are
included in a volume of appendices available from Baltimore Neighborhoods,
Inc.
In Part II, the lessons learned from the Baltimore Plan are generalized
into recommended guidelines for other fair housing groups wishing to implement
a "Baltimore Plan" of their own. A much fuller guide, Procedures for
Impl~menting a Cooperative Program for Affirmative Marketing Between a Real
Estate Board and a Private Open Housing Agency, is available from Baltimore
Neighborhoods, Inc. Part II also contains an overall assessment of the
Baltimore Plan based on the perceptions of participants and some special
research surveys.
3
�PART 1.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BALTIMORE PLAN
The implementation activities of the Baltimore Plan are presented here in
somewhat generalized form for use in other communities. This should be considered as a guide with the realization that as any plan is put into operation,
modifications will be needed along with constant review to ensure that the plan
does not become unbalanced; that is, the more difficult elements of implementation must not be neglected. The Baltimore Plan implementation experiences were
divided into three major categories: Activities With the Real Estate Industry,
Field Work, and Research and Evaluation Activi ties.
ACTIVITIES WITH THE REAL ESTATE INDUSTRY
The most successful involvement of real estate brokers can be expected to
occur when brokers are asked to assume specific responsibility for part i cular
tasks. To this end, committees should be set up to c~rry out the plan
activities. It was found that real estate people respond best to contacts
initiated by other real estate people. Maximum use should be made of this fact
in initiating committee activities. More committees may be created at the
beginning of an implementation than will be needed in the long run, and as
committees outlive their usefulness, they should b~ eliminated with the remainder
of their incomplete activities assumed by other existing committees. Each
committee should include members from all participating organizations, and it is
recommended that all endorsers of the plan be asked to serve on one of the
standing or special event committees. Obviously, 100-percent acceptance by
brokers is not realistiC, but if one-half of all brokers accept committee
positions, a manageable membership for each committee can be achieved in a community having from 200 to 300 real estate firms. Committees could be established
to handle the activities listed below.
CREATION OF A DATA AND RECORDKEEPING SYSTEM
The Goal
An affirmative marketing data system should be designed to provide ongoing information on the real estate industry, the process of plan endorsement
and, most important, on voluntary affirmative marketing goals. The objective is
to focus attention on companies on the basis of volume of business, since a major
portion of real estate business may be done by relatively few companies. Therefore,
the most promising approach will be to concentrate major efforts on involving
these companies in the full implementation of the plan.
The data or recordkeeping system should, therefore, as much as possible,
contain basic information about the local real estate industry -- the number of
firms (black-owned and white-owned) and sales associates, dollar volume, territory
served, etc. Data on size of firms might be received from a multiple listing
system or directly from the companies. However, many real estate people may
consider information about dollar volume and territory to be confidential. It
may still be necessary to create a rough, rule-of-thumb ranking of firms.
4
�The Baltimore Experience
The Baltimore Plan called for a recordkeeping system to monitor the performance
of sales associates in carrying out affirmative marketing objectives. Interviews
with brokers during the design phase indicated that this was a most sensitive
area. Most brokers have only a vague idea of how many minority prospects their
companies handle pe r month.
Early in 1978, discussions began between representatives of the Plan and
representatives of The Greater Baltimore Board of Realtors' (GBBR) Equal
Opportunity Committee (responsible for the VAMA) as to the implementation of a
recordkeeping system. Some time was spent modifying the VAMA's recommended
"Equal Service Report Form" to make it more practical. Then discussions turned
to the application of the form. Considerable skepticism was expressed by the
real estate leaders as to whether a significant number of sales associates would
actually use the form, whether a significant number of brokers would analyze
the forms on a regular basis, and how reliable such data would be. There was
also concern over the amount of work involved in getting this information from
so large a number of companies.
A real estate representative suggested that the "Final Sales Report Form"
filled out at the closing of a sale should be used instead of the "Equal Service
Report Form." The buyer's race could be indicated on this form. While this
method would not report handling of prospects, it would report the most critical
factor -- making a sale to a minority household. It would avoid the introduction
of a new form, relieve brokers from having to process data, and accurately
measure voluntary compliance with the affirmative marketing objectives.
The idea of recording race of buyer on the "Final Sales Report Form," which
was then filed with the Central Maryland Multiple Listing Service (CMMLS),
was discussed and approved at a meeting with representatives of the Baltimore
Plan and the Equal Opportunity Committee early in the initial implementation of
the Plan. Such data could be run through the CMMLS computer and give an ongoing
progress report of sales to minorities in different areas of Baltimore City and
County. Its implementation was assigned to the Equal Opportunity Committee (the
only aspect of the Plan to be handled in this way). After a year and a half of
negotiations the plan was approved, but was implemented with little emphasis
and essentially no compliance.
5
�KEEPING THE BROKERS INFORMED
The Goal
Send an initial letter, signed by the president of the real estate group,
to all endorsing firms indicating what will be asked of them in the near future.
Include the orientation of sales associates, an employment survey, use of RUD's
Affirmative Advertising Guidelines, and advise that follow-up calls on brokers
will be made by staff. Additional letters can be sent periodically, but not too
often, keeping the firms advised of progress and what additional requests will
be made of them.
The Baltimore Experience
The Baltimore Plan primarily used letters keyed to specific activities
and projects. Real estate brokers and sales associates regard themselves as
deluged with paper and generally dislike paperwork, so getting their attention
was difficult. Getting articles in the real estate board's magazine required
a long lead time and a general newsletter was not felt to be a good idea.
Operating in smaller communities might well permit different communication
patterns to be effective.
EDUCATION AND ORIENTATION
The Goal
Central to the success of a plan is its acceptance by individual brokers
and sales associates. Therefore, a series of orientation seminars should be
held at the offices of the larger firms with area meetings held for smaller
firms. Attendance should be recorded and those who missed should be asked to
attend later seminars. There is also a need to increase the awareness of the
general public about equal opportunity issues in the real estate industry.
The Baltimore Experience
The Baltimore Plan spnnsored a series of education and orientation programs
for brokers and sales associates of the firms that endorsed the BP/VAMA. These
programs included a briefing on the Baltimore Plan, a review of fair housing
laws, and instructions on how to use RUD's Voluntary Advertising Guidelines.
The programs stressed the fact that the real estate industry was as much a partner
in the design and implementation of the Plan as was BNI, and that this was not
a program imposed on the industry but something that its leadership wanted
and felt would be beneficial. (The endorsing firms accounted for 76 percent of
the real estate professionals in the entire area.)
Although a series of pamphlets on open housing laws and the Plan were to be
produced for brokers and sales associates to give to clients, buyers, and sellers,
it was concluded that alternative means of distribution would require fewer
copies and less cumbersome means of dissemination. Therefore, 13,000 copies of
a pamphlet entitled Buying, Renting, Selling were printed and distributed to the
black community through churches, the NAACP, the Urban League, and public libraries.
6
�a
GBBR held periodic house-buying seminars that were free to the public and
very well attended. The seminars covered such items as financing, the buying
process, closing costs, and the responsibilities of homeownership. A related
effort was the development of the House Hunters Handbook.
The Baltimore Plan Executive Committee recommended further education of
sales associates -- especially newcomers -and that GBBR should continue to
conduct orientation seminars for new sales associates that include a brief
session on affirmative marketing, the fair housing laws, and the Plan.
Testing in the Harbel area (an integrating area still basically white in
Northeast Baltimore City) indicated a need for an extensive and sophisticated seminar which would not only cover in a very practical way the fair
housing laws but, even more important, would cover the problem of steering.
A 3-hour seminar program was developed and a 44-page manual for the seminar
published. The manual contained the text of:
1. The 1968 Federal Fair Housing Law
2. The U. S. Department of Justice document on Fair Housing, Steering,
and Racial Disc rimi nation
3. The Civil Rights Act of 1866
4. The Maryland Fair Housing Law
5. The Maryland Real Estate Law on Fair Housing
6. RUD's Fair Housing Advertising Guidelines
7. The Realtor Guide to the Practice of Equal Opportunity in Housing
8. Civil Rights and the Real Estate Salesman.
The Real Estate Commission of Maryland granted the seminar an accreditation
of 3 credits toward the 12 credits of continuing education needed every 2 years
in order to maintain a real estate license. The Baltimore Plan staff conducted
the seminar under the auspices of the Plan and the GBBR. The courses were
open to all sales associates. Special efforts were made to gain laO-percent
attendance of the sales associates of all firms participating in local
homeowner/real estate councils that were established.
Initial sessions with about 100 sales associates from 2 real estate fi·rms
involved lively discussions and revealed that there was a considerable difference
of opinion between Baltimore Plan staff and at least a fair number of sales
associates as to what constituted steering and other forms of discriminatory
treatment.
AFFIRMATlVE ADVERTISIN:;
The Goal
Advertising plays a Significant role in the process of selling houses and
can also sell the idea of fair housing. It can indicate to all members of the
industry, to the general public, and especially to the black community, that
as far as the industry is concerned, fair housing is a reality. Therefore, one
goal of the plan should be to obtain at least a 90-percent compliance (100
7
�percent is unrealistic but 90 percent is obtainable) by real estate brokers
with HOD's Equal Housing Opportunity Guidelines for Affirmative Advertising In
Real Estate. All endorsing companies should be given written and illustrated
instructions for implementing the guidelines. The guidelines should be discussed
at the orientation meetings for brokers and sales associates to gain understanding
and support from as many real estate professionals as possible.
The plan should conduct a series of monitoring studies at various times
throughout the implementation process. Each study should be given to all participating companies with the encouragement to continue excellent compliance or
to improve compliance, with each firm's compliance recorded individually. In
between studies, a number of newspaper advertisements should be spot checked and
those ads not in compliance brought to the attention 6f the firms involved.
The Affirmative Advertising Committee should also examine the placement of
ads in minority and majority media to see whether there may be any evidence of
racial steering. For example, do certain firms advertise their listings in
integrated commQ~ities in minority papers but not in majority papers, or are
these properties described differently? Do certain firms advertise their
listings in predominantly white areas only in majority papers and not in minority
papers? Results should be shared with the brokers involved to bring about
corrections as needed.
The Baltimore Experience
The Baltimore Plan Affirmative Advertising Committee conducted six major
studies to determine the amount of compliance with HUD's advertising guidelines.
The first study conducted in 1977 showed nearly 80 percent of ads placed by
CMMLS firms in Baltimore City and County made no mention of Equal Housing
Opportunity. The results of the November 1978 study were mailed out in 1979
with a strong letter from the Advertising Committee expressing great disappointment over the signers' 52-percent usage rate during the 18-month demonstration
period -- the committee's goal was 90 percent.
Following the fourth study, based on ads in July 1979, letters urging greater
compliance with HOD's Advertising Guidelines were sent to 178 endorsers followed
by telephone calls. Of the 157 reached, 50 percent responded positively in the
sense of expressing commitment to comply, 34 percent responded negatively, and
16 percent were noncommittal. The additional cost of the advertising was the
reason most often given for lack of compliance.
A comparison of the fifth and sixth studies indicated a decline in some
usage (from 54 percent to 48 percent) and an increase in correct usage (from 59
percent to 68 percent). Both categories were below the high point of March 1978
(second study) when the Baltimore Plan was getting underway. Table 1 provides
general usage statistics and Table 2 indicates correct as compared with incorrect
usage information for the six studies.
To help assure the black community that all real estate profeSSionals seek
to serve them, the Baltimore Plan Advertising Committee designed a method to
assist signers ~o advertise their firm names and telephone numbers in the Baltimore
8
�Afro American. At that time (September 1980) the signers (209 CMMLS and 53
non-CMMLS) were asked to contribute from S10 to S100, depending on the company ' s
business volume, to cover the S180 cost of each ad containing the names of 18
companies and their telephone numbers. Ten dollars allowed the company to be in
one ad -- $100 got them in 10 ads. In response to letters and staff telephone
calls, 16 (32 percent) of the top CMMLS firms sent ad money as did 44 (28 percent)
of the 159 smaller CMMLS firms and 2 of the 53 non-CMMLS firms . In response to
the total money received (SI,820), the ads were revised to contain 9 firms and
their telephone numbers instead of 18, thus allowing more ads to be published
over a longer period of time. Three ads with 18 companies each were published
in 1980 and 14 ads with 9 companies each were published in 1981.
Early in the demonstration period the Advertising Committee met with the
Sunpapers and the News American and got the papers to use the "Publishers' Notice"
as is called for in the HUD guidelines.
The advertising studies showed the value of an ongoing educational and
monitoring campaign to encourage use of HUD's Advertising Guidelines (a study
per year sent to the companies and some spot-check monitoring). However it
appeared that a strenuous effort was ne eded to r'e ach the goal of 90
percent correct usage, and members of the industry complained about the
additional cost involved, especially at a time of economic difficulty.
,
9
�TABLE I
Summary of Results as to Some Usage of HUD Advertising
Guidelines versus No Usage by Firms Endorsing the BP/VAMA
HUD Advertising
Guidelines Used
Some Usage
Study 1
April 77
212
760
No Usage
22%
78%
Study 6
AUJ;(. 81
Study 2
March 78
Study 3
Nov. 78
Study 4
July 79
Study 5
Aug . 80
107
285
52%
287
43%
295
54%
124
48%
48%
379
57%
255
46%
137
52%
124
46%
54%
266
j
•
Total Ads
972
100%
231
100%
551
100%
666
100%
550
100%
261
100%
TABLE II
Summary of Correct Usage as a Percentage of Total
Usage by Firms Endorsing the BP/V AMA
HUD Advertising
Guidelines Used
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
Total Ads
Legend
Study 1
April 77
Study 2
March 78
Study 3
Nov. 78
Study 4
Julv 79
Study 5
Aug. 80
Study 6
Aug. 81
55
26%
80
75%
201
71%
176
61%
174
59%
85
68%
157
74%
27
25%
84
29%
111
39%
121
41%
39
32%
212
100%
107
100%
285
100%
287
100%
295
100%
124
100%
Correct: Properly used HUD's EHO Logo and/or Slogan
Incorrect: Some use of HUD's EHO Logo and/or Slogan but not in
accordance with Guidelines
No Usage: No mention of "Equal Housing Opportunity" in ads
10
�REVIEWIK; THE MULTIPLE LISTIK; SERVICE
The Goal
A well-functioning multiple listing service could be a major tool in
assuring open housing. The details of its operation should be examined to
see if any improvements to support open housing can be made and to find ways
to increase knowledge of the system in the black community. Black real estate
companies should be encouraged to become members of the system and this fact
promoted in the black community. For monitoring racial change in home-buying
patterns, the multiple listing service should be asked to require that sales
associates note the race of the buyer on the Final Sales Report Form. A study
of the extent to which the multiple listing service covers the entire housing
market should also be done. The potential for discrimination can be greater for
houses not made widely available through this vehicle.
The Baltimore Experience
Leaders in the Baltimore real estate industry claimed tha~ CMMLS was one of
the most comprehensive multiple listing services in the country. (CMMLS is a
wholly owned subsidiary corporation of the Greater Baltimore Board of Realtors.
It has its own board of directors and its own separate staff.) At the beginning
of the Baltimore Plan, these leaders estimated that 95 percent of the residential
sales in Baltimore City and County were handled by CMMLS. There had been no
complaints that black brokers had been kept out of CMMLS. Most were members.
A first project concerning CMMLS was to confirm its significance. When
an assessment of the extent to which CMMLS covered total residential sales was
made, it was found that only 30.1 percent of all residential transactions recorded
by Lusk Reports (a private service that records property transfers) in Baltimore
City and 48.3 percent in Baltimore County were found in CMMLS sales reports. It
was concluded that while CMMLS was the single most significant method of selling
homes, there were a significant number of real estate transactions going on outside
the sphere of operations.
The Multiple Listing Service Committee of the Baltimore Plan submitted seven
suggestions to CMMLS through the Plan's Executive Committee in February 1978.
They were designed to increase affirmative marketing in real estate. CMMLS
responded by accepting three suggestions, which were advisory and modest in
their consequences, deferring one, and rejecting three which involved information
on fees, representation of Realtists on the CMMLS, and the relative roles of
listing and selling agents. Since then the Executive Committee has attempted
unsuccessfully to persuade CMMLS to reverse its negative decisions.
j
MOR'lGAGE FINANCIK;
The Goal
•
Nondiscriminatory mortgage financing is an important element in the creation
of an open housing market. It is important to ensure that there are no conscious
or subconscious processes that discriminate against blacks or other minorities.
11
�Moreover, ways should be found to improve the use of various Id. nds of Federal
and State mortgage programs since minorities are likely to be less fortunate
financially. Since lack of knowledge in processing government loan applications
constitutes an impediment to their use, workshops should be held offering
instructions on how to process these loan applications.
The Baltimore Experience
A goal of the Baltimore Plan was to make sure that sales associates and the
public were made aware of the various governmental programs for financing the
purchase of a home. It was assumed that wider use of these programs would increase
homeownership opportunities for minorities. Two brochures were prepared that
described FHA, VA, and Maryland State housing programs. The first brochure was
considered too complex for the general public and insufficiently detailed for
sales associates. Therefore a second, simpler brochure directed to the public
was drafted and printed in July 1978, then updated in June 1979. The contents
were included in the House Hunters H~rldb_~o}~ and were distributed among minority
organizations. Rather than expanding the original brochure for sales associates,
the Executiv" Committee suggested getting a 1981 update of a booklet on government
financing programs being published under the ti tIe "Guide to Residential Financing"
by Claude Mascari, published by the Rouse Co. Brokers were surveyed regarding
their experiences with various kinds of Government-sponsored mortgage lending
programs, especially FHA. In consultation with others who have worked on this
problem in an effort to remove obstacles, the Plan developed recommendations for
making these programs more widely used by minority buyers and presented these
recommendations to HOD and to appropriate Congressional sources for implementation.
The Homeownership Finance Committee directed most of its efforts toward
getting Congressional action on the recommendations of its study of Governmentsponsored mortgage lending programs. Several meetings were held with the staff
of HOD's Office of Single Family Housing and of Maryland Senator Mathias' office.
After these consultations, the committee revised its recommendations and strategy
to propose national pilot programs for the most important of its recommendations.
In 1981, !IUD issued proposed regulations setting up a national negotiated interest
rate pilot program. Since this pilot contained the committee's most important
recommendation -- a dual interest rate for FHA -- the committee hoped that the
pilot would be implemented. It submitted a comment offering suggestions it
believed would make the program more effective.
In an effort to make minority buyers (and all buyers) aware of the best
possible financing terms, the Homeownership Finance Committee devised a scheme
that culminated in a weekly information sheet. This sheet contained the currently
most favorable interest rates, down payments, points, etc. It was prepared by
calling 40 to 50 lenders each week. Only the most favorable terms were included
on the sheet, which was distributed by CMMLS to all it, members. This service
began September 5, 1978, and continued through May II, 1979. Many favorable
comments had been received. A phone survey of nine black agents and brokers
revealed universal approval, with varying degrees of enthusiasm. After 6 months,
the committee did a cost estimate and discovered it was costing over $3,100 a
year. The committee decided to offer the service on a paid subscription basis
to cover the cost. Three efforts were made through CMMLS and one mailing to
brokers, but insufficient subscription orders were received. The service was
then discontinued.
12
�EMPLOY ME tIT
The Goal
An affirmative, equal opportunity recruitment and employment program for
the real estate industry and for individual companies needs to be encouraged. A
survey should be made of realty and brokerage firms to determine the extent of
"other-race" employment of salaried personnel and the use of other-race sales
associates. The survey should also seek to obtain the views of real estate
firms as to what is involved in obtaining sales associates of other races. The
survey is likely to reveal that very little integration exists in the industry,
that most companies are making very little effort to recruit other-race personnel,
that the companies are dubious as to how to undertake such recruitment, and they
are uncertain as to how successful other-race personnel would be in their firms.
A series of seminars for brokers should be set up to discuss the results
of the survey, to stress the need for increased integration, and to develop
techniques to achieve integration. The seminars should emphasize that the
ultimate responsibility for integration of a firm lies with the managers who,
given the will, can find a way to make reasonable progress.
"Career Opportunities Seminars" can be held to interest minority group
members in embarking on a career in real estate. One approach is to set up a
minority employment in real estate program. This requires a high level of
commitment from the industry and a well-thought-out, concentrated program of
recruitment, selection, and sponsorship.
An advisory committee composed of prominent black and white brokers and
fair housing people should be established. A program should be designed that
will include the fo llowi ng :
o
o
Widespread publicity.
o
Orientation sessions on what it means to be a real estate sales associate.
o
Screening by panels of real estate and open housing people to select
the best candidates.
o
1
A goal of recruiting minority persons into the real estate industry.
Loan funds to cover the cost of instruction, license fees, and trade
association fees. Such loan pro grams could exist in a format similar
to that of the student loan, whereby the loan is paid back but no
interest is charged.
o
A support and follow-through process providing extra discussion sessions
(in addition to the real estate course) on the more difficult aspects of
the real estate examination. The process continues until the candidates
are established as sales associates.
o
The signing up of firms that support the program, that are willing to
interview candidates, and that will make every effort to contract with
the candidates. Firm profiles should be provided to enable the candidates
to select companies with which they would like to interview.
13
�The Baltimore Experience
From eight seminars conducted for brokers, it seemed clear to the Fmployment
Committee of the Baltimore Plan that most brokers felt that integration in
employment, especially of sales associates, would be most difficult to achieve.
In summary, the position of many brokers was that:
1. Most whites were reluctant to deal with blacks either in looking
for a house or in giving them a listing. (Some companies sent a white along with
the black to get the listing when the black made the initial contact . )
2. Floor time did not produce enough contacts for anyone to make a living.
Sales associates must make their own contacts primarily in the area they live
in. Many firms were based in predominantly white areas. They claimed they get
their sales associates from these areas.
3. If a firm took on black sales associates, it cannot favor them over
white sales associates. If the blacks were not successful, they may feel it was
due to discrimination.
4. Integration of the industry threatened the survival of black real estate
companies since black sales associates working for white firms depended primarily
upon black clientele. At the same time, it was doubtful that white customers
would patronize black firms.
Few brokers had any new ideas, and there was little response to some of the
general ideas offered by the committee as discussion starters. The Employment
Committee therefore decided to sponsor a workshop entitled "Integration in the
Real Estate Industry." The committee chose three brokers from successfully
integrated firms to serve as resource people . Two hundred invitations were sent
out at random. The workshop was attended by representatives of 20 firms, 5 of
which had not attended the previous employment seminars. The integration seminar
was interesting but produced little in the way of tangible ideas or facts. The
integrated firms stated that they had achieved integration without significant
problems and that their black sales associates were doing "all right . " The only
way they knew to integrate was to simply do it. They felt that some firms,
either because of size or location, would be in a better position to integrate
their employees than others.
The seminar might have benefited from a trial run to ensure that the panelists
were prepared to be candid about the issues involved. Also, using sales associates
rather than brokers might have brought other perspectives to bear.
The Employment Committee had the strong feeling that the basic responsibility
for integration was that of each individual firm and that the responsibility
for achieving integration in the industry should not be placed upon the committee.
So at the end of the seminar program, all real estate firms were sent a letter
outlining the results of the employment survey. It stated:
We feel that the lack of significant integration in real estate
firms could lead the public and the Federal Government to believe
that there is widespread discrimination in employment in the real
14
1
�estate industry in this area •••• The Employment Committee can and
will try to help where possible, but we feel strongly that the
solution lies in the individual initiative of each broker and
real estate firm.
At that moment the committee was not sure what to do next. It was sure
of one thing, however -- employment and contracting are the basic responsibility
of each real estate firm and "where there is a will, there is a way." The
committee saw its role as that of pressuring and sensitizing the industry to do
better. It wanted to make it very plain that the committee in no way would let
the industry off the hook -- that integration was still the industry's
responsibili ty.
The Baltimore Plan sponsored a seminar, "Career Opportunities in Real Estate,"
at Morgan State University in February 1978. Representatives of the real estate
industry were panelists (white from white firm, black from white firm, black
from black firm, and white from black firm) and keynote speakers. Five thousand
flyers and 250 posters were distributed in the black community beforehand, and
the seminar was advertised on radio and television and in the Baltimore newspapers.
Despite a great deal of effort made to get a good attendance at the careers
seminar, only 64 people attended, a fair number of whom had only a passing interest
in real estate (based on conversations during the conference with attendees).
This poor turnout reinforced the Employment Committee's stand on the responsibility
of real estate firms to seek out other-race associates.
In view of the modest results achieved by the preceding programs, a need
for a concentrated program to promote integration in real estate became clear.
The staff investigated a program to stimulate minority real estate employment
funded by the Ford Foundation in Washington, D.C. The BP and the Regional Planning Council (RPC) proposed a similar program in the Baltimore area. A partnership between RPC and the Baltimore Plan was formed in July 1979 that established
the Minority Employment in Real Estate Program. The program goal was to recruit
and assist 40 to 50 minority people to become sales associates (preferably with
non-integrated white firms). In August 1979, program staff conducted a mass
media advertising campaign throughout the region (Baltimore City, Baltimore
County, Anne Arundel, Howard, Harford, and Carroll counties) to recruit program
applicants. A total of 308 preliminary applications were received, mostly from
Baltimore City. In October, a series of information seminars was conducted to
give the initial applicants basic knowledge of the real estate industry and aid
them in deciding if real estate interested them as a career. These were attended
by 158 persons, and 128 final applications were submitted. In November, the
final selection of 45 program participants began. Ninety-five persons were
interviewed by panels consisting of three real estate brokers and one BNI or RPC
person each.
Those selected were enrolled in a basic real estate course at Morgan State
University. The 45 class hours required by State law were completed in midFebruary by 38 students. Participating real estate firms agreed to interview
one or more of the graduates for possible employment. Later the firms were
asked to complete canpany profile forms. These were canpiled into a manual,
"Real Estate Profile Information," given to the graduates to assist them in
selecting a firm with which to affiliate. Of the 38 students who remained in
the first round of the program, 32 failed the State real estate examination as
many as 6 times (despite tutoring sessions) and thus were terminated from the
15
�program. The main problem that participants seemed to have was that most had
been out of school for some years, were rusty in math, and had problems with the
alleged ambiguity of the examination questions. Many real estate people believed
the real estate exam was an obstacle course to keep the number of licensees at a
low level rather than a practical test of what made a successful real estate
associate. Concern about the current professional involvement of the instructor
was corrected in the subsequent two rounds by locating the seminars at the
University of Maryland. The six students who passed the real estate exam were
affiliated with white real estate firms in the Baltimore metropolitan area.
An additional 2 rounds were carried out in October 1980 and June 1981 with
91 persons selected using the same process as in the first round. Each person
then attended a 45-hour basic real estate course taught by the University of
Maryland. A greater emphasis was placed on the quality of instruction, and very
rigid attendance was required. To ensure a higher degree of quality, project
staff attended each class session, provided more supervision, and offered many
more opportunities for tutoring sessions taught by real estate practitioners.
The greater emphasis on quality produced a near record-perfect class attendance.
The university provided a special all-day session to help the students pass the
State licensing examination.
Of the 91 persons selected from rounds 2 and 3, 6 withdrew during the real
estate course, 14 failed the course, and 24 failed the State examination as many
as 3 times and were terminated from the program. Of the remaining 47, 18 were
affiliated with real estate firms, 13 passed the State examination and were in
process of becoming affiliated, and 16 were attempting to pass the State exam.
So far, 24 minority persons were affiliated -- 16 with 11 white firms and 8 with
3 black firms.
Early in the program's ioplementation, a questionnaire was designed for
completion by students already enrolled in real estate courses at area colleges
and universities. The questionnaire gave the Baltimore Plan a better understanding of the career plans of these students. From April to June 1981, 94 completed
questionnaires were received from 3 area colleges that teach the 45-hour basic
real estate course. The study showed that most respondents were between the
ages of 18 and 35, enrollment was nearly equal between men and women, blacks
constituted 56 percent of total enrollment"and 80 percent of the students
intended to become licensed within 1 year. While most wanted to become licensed,
80 percent of the students had very little knowledge of the real estate industry
nor had they spoken to anyone about it.
A draft of a recommended Equal Opportunity Hiring policy for GBBR and
CMMLS was proposed by the Baltimore Plan in October 1978 and adopted by both
groups in February-March 1979. The Baltimore Plan Employment Committee
reviewed the progress made after the equal opportunity policies were adopted.
16
�PUBLIC RELATIONS
The Goal
A number of activities are important to promote public awareness of equal
housing opportunities. These may include:
o
Seeking as much free time on televi sion and radio as possible to make
goals of the plan known to the public -- especially the black community.
o
Designing television and radio spots to support open housing and to make
the multiple listing service, House Hunters Handbook, and home-buying
seminars well known to the black community.
o
Using as much newspaper publicity as possible.
It is important in all these activities to keep the real estate industry well
informed as to what is planned.
The Baltimore Experience
Even though the major thrust of the Baltimore Plan was directed toward the
real estate industry, preliminary efforts were undertaken to increase the black
communi ty' s awareness of housing opportunities and to encourage blacks to seek
housing in the entire market, not just in "safe " and receptive integrated or
bla ck neighborhoods.
Two television spots were produced and shown as public service messages
from September 1978 through January 1979. The station used pictures, scripts,
and personnel provided by the Baltimore Plan. Months of effort were spent
preparing these messages, yet the actual use of the spots was relatively limited.
It was concluded, therefore, that seeking further pro bono spots was worth only
a limited effort in the future. The Baltimore Plan's primary effort was to
influence change in the industry, not in the public. An emphasis on implementing
HUD's Voluntary Advertising Guidelines was felt to be more effective over the
long run, for both the real estate industry and the public.
While the Baltimore Plan Education Committ e e was asked to consider ways
of increasing communication with the black community that were within the current
resources of the Plan, the effort needed to have an effective communication
program to the black community should not be underestimated. The Baltimore Plan
contacted over 130 significant black groups in the hope of having the members of
the groups informed about the activities of the Plan. Almost all the groups
indicated that it was not their policy to invite outside speakers. A few indicated
that they would accept a speaker but had difficulty in actually scheduling the
speaker. BNI distributed 6,000 flyers door to door in black middle-class
neighborhoods asking people if they or their friends had faced housing
discrimination and if they would be interested in helping test for discrimination.
If the second answer was "yes," they were to contact BNI. A random telephone
survey to 60 people was made 2 weeks later using a criss-cross telephone
directory. Of those contacted, 75 percent indicated they remembered the flyer.
The response to the flyers was negligible, yet BNI testing indicated that a
substantial amount of racial discrimination still existed both in apartment
house rentals and in real estate sales.
17
�In addition, in the first year of the demonstration, Baltimore Plan field
staff prepared 20 profiles of nonminority areas to be distributed in a handbook.
The profiles were expanded to cover all sections of Baltimore City/County with
the idea of making the House Hunters Handbook available to all. Special emphasis
was given to its distrihution in the black community. The House Hunters Handbook
was reviewed by 15 readers in the real estate industry, approved by the Baltimore
Plan Executive Committee, and published in Msrch 1979. Publicity efforts began.
Letters were sent to black organizations to introduce the handbook and to request
the opportunity to speak to the groups on open housing. The handbook was sent
out and follow-up calls were made. In July and August 1979, six groups were
addressed having s total estimated audience of 2,100. Survey forms were distributed
to get black perceptions of many neighborhoods as appealing pIsces in which to
buy homes. WBFF-TV broadcast public service radio spots.
INCREASING THE OUTREACH OF BLACK REAL ESTATE FIRMS
The Goal
This effort seeks to increase the extent to which black real estate firms
list and show houses in nonminority areas. Since real estate sales associates
are sometimes reluctant to show houses in unfamiliar areas, a cooperative working
relationship involving fair housing sympathizers in these neighborhoods and
volunteer sales associates could be established to familiarize black firms with
these communities. Interviews with as many black brokers as possible should be
conducted to measure the extent to which these firms operate in predominantly
white neighborhoods and where they are located. A follow-up procedure should be
included to find out the results and to deal with any problems. While not done
in the Baltimore Plan, that experience suggests the value of this approach.
Working cooperatively with black brokers, a program can be set up to carry out
this activity.
The Baltimore Experience
The BP staff studied the potential of the black-owned real estate firms,
i.e., their share of the market, where they operated, and number of sales
associates. Thirty black real estate brokers were interviewed; the principal
findings were that black firms operated in one or two integrating areas at most,
had roughly 4% of the total business, and were small or very small firms with
one exception. One item of discussion in the BP Executive Committee was the
possibility of broadening the territories of black firms by providing their
sales associates greater familiarity with other areas. One major white broker
offered informally to provide such assistance, but the proposal was not
enthusiastically received or followed up on, so the project was dropped from
further consideration.
FIELD WORK AND RESEARCH
The Goal
The field work and research had two goals. The first was to discover what
was happening in integrating areas versus nonintegrating areas and why. The
18
�second was to find out i f certain negative real estate practices (by commission
or omission) were occurring and then to make basic changes to correct them in
cooperation with real estate firms.
Field staff may then be involved in two somewhat different kinds of
activities:
o
working in racially changing areas to research or investigate
allegations of steering and other real estate practices
o
working in predominantly White areas to discover whether any racial
change is taking place and assessing community reactions to such change
should it occur.
In an integrating area, community leaders are usually disturbed by what
they perceive the real estate industry to be doing (e.g., soliciting the area
with a thought to selling to blacks only, steering whites away from the area and
blacks to it). Real estate people in turn feel that they are being hindered
in carrying out their legitimate activities and that they are the victims of
white reluctance to buy in an integrated area and of the fear and prejudice
of the whites already there. Therefore, both community people and real estate
people have reason to communicate and work together.
The Raltimore Experience
In the first year of the demonstration period, Baltimore City/County was
divided into six areas. Field work staff became familiar with their areas by
developing material for area profiles, later complied in a House Hunters Handbook,
and by talking to key brokers and community leaders to find out what was happening
in regard to racial integration. Some 56 brokers and 62 clergy and community
leaders were interviewed. For the most part, it appeared that racial integration
was occurring mainly in two areas, (the Liberty Road corridor with some along
the Bel Air corridor). One difficulty in achieving widespread integration is
that the great bulk of the black population is in west Baltimore adjacent to the
Liberty Road corridor. Liberty Road is a large area of newer, detached, and
attractive housing in a good price range, located in pleasant communities; it is
most convenient to the amenities of the black community of Baltimore City and was
the first area opened to blacks in Baltimore County. Thus the Liberty Road area
has great attraction for black families as opposed to the white areas of the city
and county.
loURKII{; IN INTEG RATII{; AREAS
The Goal
In racially changing areas, coalitions of brokers and community leaders can
be set up to deal with real estate problems having racial implications and to
work to enhance the positive image of the areas.
o
Codes of agreed-upon acceptable and unacceptable real estate
practices could be established and complaints heard and
resolved by voluntary, cooperative conciliation.
19
�o
A survey of the extent of real estate solid tation/
prospecting practices may be done for all zip code or
census tract areas to determine the extent and kind of
such practices in areas with substantial integration
and in those that are predominantly white. The purpose
of the survey is to determine whether integrating areas
are being excessively solicited or prospected.
It is generally agreed that communities that successfully maintain stable
integration are ones in which a strong community organization has worked, not
only to curb disturbing real estate practices, but also to develop public and
industry awareness as to the positive features of the area. To this end,
community leaders and real estate professionals should undertake a number of
activities. Some of these are to develop:
o
workshops to educate sales associates about how to stress the positive
features of the area
o
a brochure about the area made widely available to real estate firms
o
meetings between residents and real estate persons to discuss mutual
concerns and plan projects
o
an office center containing information about the community to which
real estate agents can bring their buyer clients
o
special events of cultural or social interest
o
articles in the general media and in local newspapers
o
a traveling slide show and tape presentation
o
art contests for school children and the general public for graphic
material about the community.
The Baltimore Experience
The most prominent integrating area in Baltimore County is the Liberty
Road corridor which extends from Baltimore City to Howard County. Efforts
to improve relations between residents and real estate people began in November
1977. Three kinds of problems had to be faced in accomplishing this goal:
1. Long-standi~ resident distrust of the real estate industry, which is
seen by many active community leaders as guilty of steering and other
discriminatory practices. Real estate persons, for their part, feel that many
residents are racist and "paranoid." They appear to blame the industry for all
racial housing problems and they are unwilling to do anything but complain.
2. Rivalries between the two umbrella community organizations which,
together with the large area and population and rapid commercial and residential
expansion, have impeded concerted efforts to deal with the problem of maintaining
a stable, integrated area.
20
�3. The belief of some members of the Executive Committee that a coalition
of white homeowners and well-established white real estate firms would hinder
the operations of black real estate firms in the area and keep out blacks .
I
t
~
Improving relations between the community and the real estate industry
in the Liberty Road area involved extensive field work. It began with getting
the leadership of the area's community associations together with realtors to
form the Greater Liberty Road Homeownership/Real Estate Council . The Council
consisted of five brokers and five community leaders who sought to further
communi ty-realtor rela tionships, handle complaints, and commun icate positive
information about Liberty Road. Its first major activity was devel~pment and
accept ance of a Code of Acceptable and Unacceptable Real Estate Solici tation/
Pr ospecting Practice. Despite a later conflict with some community association
lead 2rship, the Council was reorganized to include alternative community
asso c iations and continued its work.
The Baltimore Plan systematically studied portions of Baltimore City and
Baltimore Count y . The areas were selected based on zip codes (CMMLS maintains
sales data by zip code), territories of community organizations, and by natural
boundaries. Research consisted chiefly of (1) identification of sales during a
6-month period, checking the race of about 95 percent of the buyers, and (2)
real estate testing. The Baltimore Plan then worked with the most active area
realtors to promote affirmative marketing.
The BP staff studied Harbel and Liberty Road, two large integrating areas
in the city and county, respe c tively. The intent was to go to other areas of
the city and county - even all white areas - checking real estate transactions.
WORKI~
IN
NONINTe::;RATI~
AREAS
The Goal
Open housing can be achieved only if black and white families are willing
to move to nonminority areas (not necessarily to create open housing or
integration but because they find the housing and the areas themselves attractive).
Families will move to those areas as they become aware of them, possibly through
a house hunters handbook and a public relations programs associated with i t . They
also should r e ceive assurances from the real estate community of equality of
treatment and assurance in various ways that these communities will not be
hostile to integration. For example, friendship committees could be established
in white areas composed of people knowledgeable about their area and willing to
"tour" black families. A homeowners real estate council could also be deve.loped
for each area.
A house hunters handbook should be developed that will be of benefit to all
homeseekers but especially to minority homeseekers. The handbook should contain
general information on various residential areas, charts on recent sale prices
of homes in the area, information on what to look for when purchasing a home,
information on home financing, etc. The housing prices in the handbook should
be updated twice a year .
21
�An outreach program, using the handbook, should be directed to the minority
community. The handbook should get as much general publicity as possible, and
pro bono time should be sought on radio and television stations oriented to
the black community. Opportunities should be sought to have plan people speak
hriefly in black and white churches and before civic groups urging people to
consider the full housing market when considering the purchase of a home. It
should be ~phasized that the handbook and multiple listing service are excellent
tools in homeseeking, given that the real estate industry indicates it will
give equal treatment to all clients.
The Baltimore Experience
Large areas of Baltimore City/County are all or nearly all white, and others
are all or nearly all black. What to do about this situation was the most difficult
challenge the Baltimore Plan faced.
Staff studied black owned real estate business and found that 29 black-owned
firms did an estimated 5 percent of the 1978 CMMLS business of Baltimore City/
County. Hardly any of their business was done in all-white areas. On the whole,
the black firms did not report any significant problems in dealing with white
firms. The past president of the Realtists has stated that the Realtists get
about one-third of the black business. It was proposed that white-owned firms
working in predominantly all-white areas be encouraged to advertise listings in
the local black paper. In addition, blacks were encouraged to make full use of
the housing market when seeking housing via the distribution of the House Hunters
Handbook and the program accompanying it.
RESEARCH AND EV ALUATION ACT IV ITIES
The Goal
Three research efforts appear to be important:
1. before-and-after research,
2. descriptive studies of the real estate market, and
3. interviews in predominantly white areas.
1. Before-and-after Research
The ef fect iveness of an affi rma tive marketing plan should be assessed by
investigating certain conditions a plan could be expected to change -- before
and after. Ideally, the same measurements should be made in a canmunity not
having an affirmative marketing plan. This control community should be the same
as the plan community in all important respects. Such an experimental design
will no doubt be extremely difficult to achieve. The question arises, Is it
possible really to evaluate the effectiveness of the Plan without a "control"
community, and if not, is there any value to before-and-after research? The
answer to the first part of the question, logically, is "no." The answer to the
second part, however, is a qualified "yes." It will be useful to know what
changes have occurred during the plan period and whether they are in a direction
consistent with the established goals.
1
22
�Since contract ing wi th research professionals is expensive, efforts
should be made to engage university or college students who could receive
academic credit and work under professional supervision. It is also a good
idea to use trained volunteers to collect some data. Before-and-after information
helps evaluate oft-heard allegations about how "the real estate industry" or
"the black community" or other identifiable segments of the community are
changing or not changing. Research can provide valuable clues about the development of plan programs, such as:
!
r
o
Changes in attitudes of real estate sales associates toward aspects of
open housing (their perceptions of blacks' willingness to buy in
nonminority neighborhoods and whites' receptiveness to black buyers,
whether stable integrated neighborhoods are increasing, whether they
think whites understand open housing laws, their contact with other-race
clients, etc.)
o
The black home buying coomunity could be surveyed on their before-andafter perceptions of nontraditional areas as being acceptable places
in which to buy, their beliefs about the extent of steering, their
reasons for choosing a home and what kind of neighborhood they would
like, their opinion of the extent of conformi ty to open housing laws,
and the understanding of these by the public.
o
Recent black and white buyers in racially mixed areas could be interviewed
about their reasons for buying their present home and for the kinds of
real estate contacts they hsd hsd.
l
2. Descriptive Studies Of The Real Estate Market
These studies should be directed toward a more complete understanding of
the housing situation in a particular area and should be dictated by local
needs and the amount of available information. Some examples are:
o
the extent to which the multiple listing system covers house sales;
o
the appreciation in value of houses in integrating areas compared to
that in predominantly white areas; and
o
the extent that soliciting/prospecting practices by real estate
firms are concentrated in integrating areas.
3. Interviews In Predominantly WIli te Areas
To assist in outreach to potential black buyers, it will be useful to
have information about the experiences of blacks who have bought or are renting
in predominantly white areas. Using various sources (such as the local Board
of Education and open housing organizations), these persons should be identified
and interviewed. Their experiences, positive and negative, should be summarized
and communicated to the black community.
23
�The Baltimore Experience
In addition to before and after research done by an outside professional
research firm, two special studies were directed to the issues mentioned above
by the Baltimore Plan and its staff. One focused on interviewing community
leaders and realtors and the other tried to locate blacks already living in
nonminority areas. For the first study, field staff interviewed some community
leaders, clergy, and real estate people to gain their perspectives on open
housing in their areas and to solicit their ideas for overcaning any perceived
obstacles. The interviews were later extended to leaders and realtors in the
all-white areas to see if any significant integration was known to be going
on in the areas and to measure receptivity to integration, at least in the
minds of community leaders and realtors. The consensus was that more blacks
were renting than buying in nonminority a r eas, and few realtors saw any obstacles
to blacks buying in these areas except for the blacks' own fear of rejection
or dislike of being "the first." While residents and clergy also minimized
white hostility (most of them said it would be covert), a few residents were
very clear that they anticipated considerable hostility by at least some whites
should blacks move into their neighborhoods.
The second study attempted to find out if there was a significant number
of black "pioneers, " unknown to either the white or black communities, who
bought homes in nearly all-white areas. If this were so and their experience
in living there was a good one, this might be publicized as an encouragement
to further integration. Early in 1978, the Baltimore Plan received names of
black children attending schools in Baltimore County where minority enrollment
was less than 4 percent. An initial list representing 227 households was
obtained. Of these households it was determined that 106 resided in apartment
units, 69 lived in black "pocket ghettos," 38 were not verified, and 6 lived
in institutions or in Baltimore City, leaving a known number of 8 homeowner
households to interview. Their experiences in the community were generally
favorable, but the number seemed to be too small to have much impact. An
attempt was made later to interview some of the apartment dwellers to see if
their experiences in the nonminority areas were satisfactory and to see if
they would be interested in homeownership in the area.
24
�PART II.
LESSONS LEARNED
As the experiences described in Part I show, success did not come surely or
easily in Baltimore's effort to stimulate voluntary compliance with affirmative
marketing principles. The following is an attempt to draw out of the Baltimore
Plan's experiences and research some general conclusions and guidelines that may
be helpful to fair housing groups and real estate boards in other communities
that wish to initiate similar efforts.
Some of the things tried in Baltimore worked; some did not. Whatever the
case, the lessons learned can be passed on to other groups in other places which
may be able to apply them successfully to their own situations. The lessons
learned have been put in the form of specific recommendations to other groups
just starting out. They are suggestions only. Each fair housing group in each
community should assess its own situation, select those guidelines that apply,
and modify those that do not.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1.
Gain an understanding of the motivations and styles of operation of the
groups to be involved in the plan. Three different kinds of groups may be
involved -- the real estate industry, fair housing groups, and the general
community. Each has its set of needs and its own set of problems.
Understanding and facing these differences from the outset will bring about
a more fruitful cooperative venture.
2.
Choose people to serve on the key committees who are deeply committed to
the Plan. Often the people most likely to serve are those who are already
heavily committed to their professions or involved in realtor organizations
or other community activities. These activities in themselves make the people
obvious candidates to help implement the plan, but they should understand
and be willing to devote the time necessary for success.
3.
Involve as many brokers and sales associates from the jurisdiction as
possible in the various activities of the program. Not only will the
real estate community have more input, but it will also have a greater
commitment to the program.
4.
Establish a mechanism to facilitate communication and participation from all
parties. This mechanism should make it possible to implement activities as
well as clear the most critical issues with the presidents and boards of the
sponsoring organizations.
5.
Be creative in finding ways to communicate with individuals and groups.
Do not rely on the mail as the sole means of communication to brokers. Follow
up on the telephone. You may wish to issue brief progress reports for each
group's journal or newsletter.
6.
Keep accurate and comprehensive records. A significant affirmative marketing
plan will require a number of forms, letters, and documents. Record who
got what so you can accurately measure compliance, progress, and accomplishments.
25
�7.
Learn about the size of the industry and the area or areas to be served before
you begin. It will have an impact on the design and implementation of your
program.
8.
Before seeking funds, consider the size of territory to be covered and the
number and volume of firms involved; the amount of time to accomplish goals
usually a minimum of 3 years; possible use of existing staff of a fair housing
group or real estate trade association to implement the program; and the
cost of acquiring additional staff.
9.
Develop a staff adequate to the job you want to do . Implementation of an
affirmative marketing plan requires a great deal of time, energy, and lengthy
follow-through. In relatively smal l geographic areas you may be able to
depend upon a pool of existing or volunteer staff from sponsoring organizations . If not, you should make a realistic assessment of what you can
accomplish with limited resources. In larger areas a considerable
staff commitment will be needed . Decide whether existing staff can be used
exclusively and hire additional staff if necessary . Be aware that training
may occupy a significant amount of the period for which you are recruiting
new staff.
10. Allow enough time to implement the plan successfully. A realistic time
period is 3 to 5 years or until the sponsoring groups are convinced there is
no need for any further affirmative marketing activities. It takes time to
build an effective relationship between real estate people and fair housing
advocates.
DESIGN OF THE PLAN
I.
Interview a cross-section of real estate people from small and large companies,
white-owned and black-owned firms, and key fair housing and community people
to determine what an affirmative marketing program might contain. Among the
useful resources available to assist in the design of a plan are the Baltimore
Plan itself and the Voluntary Affirmative Marketing Agreement approved by
the National Association of Realtors and HUD. If litigation or administrative
actions on housing discrimination have taken place locally, you may be able to
get the consent decrees or conciliation agreements . Copies of consent decrees
may be obtained from the U.S. Department of Justice or from a local U.S.
Court, if such a decree has been filed locally . Conciliation agreements
between real estate firms and HOD or State Human Relations Commissions are
usually confidential, but a real estate firm may be willing to give a copy
to a responsible group. Such documents may well contain useful material for
the design of a plan.
2.
Get the official endorsement of each sponsoring group to the general idea
of the plan and to the final draft of the plan. Submit the draft to an executive
committee or a design committee appointed ~y the sponsoring groups that
includes a number of responsible representatives of the sponsoring groups.
These representatives should seek the approval of the final draft from the
sponsoring groups.
26
�INITIATION OF THE PLAN
1.
Do a careful selling job to assure that the plan is not only endorsed by
each prospective sponsor but that the endorsement is unanimous or nearly
so. The fair housing agency should respond with dispatch and indicate to
the industry groups the strong hope that the industry do likewise. It may
be helpful to seek the advocacy of some key people on each board before
the plan is officially presented.
2.
Analyze individual real estate companies, ranking them according to sales
volume. Seek out the more sympathetic brokers of the larger firms and ask
them to endorse the plan the moment the endorsement campaign gets underway.
If the larger companies lead the way, it will be easier for the many small
companies to follow.
3.
Send a letter out on behalf of the sponsoring real estate organizations to
the key brokers of each company inviting them to an orientation program. At
the orientation, distribute copies of the plan, explain the need for the plan,
and answer any general questions. The orientation meeting should provide a
positive setting to the plan. Ask the brokers to give careful consideration
to the plan and designate people to be available to answer their questions.
Urge brokers to endorse the plan as soon as possible. Encourage sympathetic
brokers to speak up for the plan. Send copies of the plan to all brokers
not in attendance at the meeting. Send an article to trade publications
explaining the plan and encouraging its support.
4.
Get the endorsement of key brokers and companies that do a significant amount
of business. When a good start has been achieved (ideally within 2 weeks)
ask the president of the real estate group to send a letter indicating that
certain companies doing a total of so much percent of the business have
endorsed the plan and encouraging all companies to sign up as soon as possible.
5.
Have staff follow up the letters with a telephone call asking if there are
any questions and urging the endorsement as soon as possible. The real estate
organizations' equal opportunity committees (or a special endorsement committee)
can do the initial calls in place of the staff or follow them up a couple of
weeks after the staff makes the initial telephone calls.
DIRECTION OF THE PLAN
1.
Establish an Executive Committee consisting of representatives from
the sponsoring organizations. Take care that the real estate members are
prominent representatives of the industry from large, medium, and small firms.
Representatives of fair housing groups should be well experienced in fair
housing activities and be strong representatives of the goals of their
agency and members. Carefully brief all representatives as to the realistic
extent of commitments required.
2.
Select the chairperson from the Board of Realtors since this is the largest
group affected by the activities of the Plan. The vice-chairperson could
be a representative from the realtists or a fair housing group.
27
�3.
Empower the Executive Committee to guide the progress of the plan, approve
all committee activities and reports before they are implemented, represent
the plan to the public, and handle relationships between the plan and its
sponsoring organizations. One of the first tasks of the committee is to
establish rules of procedure.
4.
Give the staff the responsibility for the day-to-day implementation of the
plan. They are chosen by and are responsible to the Executive Committee.
The Executive Director of the open housing agency should be the Executive
Director of the Plan . Staff will have to be able to plan, administer, organize,
conduct interviews in the field, staff committees, carry out special events,
assemble statistical information, do research, and write reports. A great
deal of clerical work and recordkeeping is needed. Therefore, keep these
skills in mind when selecting staff .
5.
If possible, depending upon the local situation, recruit volunteer staff
who would be willing to make a part-time commitment to the plan.
In conclusion, hard work and a spirit of cooperation is essential if a
voluntary affirmative marketing plan, like the Baltimore Plan, is to succeed.
Trial and error, persistence, plus good faith efforts on the part of all
members are essential.
OVERALL ASSESSMENT
The Baltimore Plan Executive Committee, consisting of representatives
of real estate firms and Baltimore neighborhoods, met in a special meeting in
1980 without staff present in order to evaluate progress at the close of the
first 2 years of the demonstration. The committee came to the conclusion that
none of the specific results or achievements would have occurred without the
Baltimore Plan. These include:
o
the stress on affirmative advertising;
o
the extensive orientation and education of real estate associates;
o
the
o
the bringing of brokers and homeowners together in a large
changing area (where hostili ty beween the two groups had been
intense for more than a decade) to work affirmatively for the
benefit of the community; and
o
increasing cooperation between Realtors and Realtists .
challe~e
to the industry on integrated employment;
The committee also concluded that if the Baltimore Plan should not continue,
there was a high probability that these and s imilar activities would also not
continue. There was a unanimous feeling at that time that some form of the
plan should continue beyond the period initially planned for the demonstration;
and, In fact, the plan was continued until December 1982, at that time, a
decision was made to end the formal relationship established by the Plan, but
the members of the plan resolved to continue to cooperate in efforts of mutual
concern and benefit.
28
�The staff met separately from the Executive Committee and came to these
conclusions:
o
The Baltimore Plan was a good plan.
o
The overall impact of the plan was of benefit to the real
estate industry, the community at large, and the fair housing
movement. Probably its main accomplishment has been to keep
the issue and responsibility of open housing before the real
estate industry and to have pressed the industry for increased
affirmative marketing efforts.
o
The programs would not have been undertaken by individual
members if something like the Baltimore Plan had not been
devised. Funding for implementation was important, but
more important was the spirit of cooperation and the
access to real estate firms because of the Baltimore Plan's
existence.
o
A strong plus was the assistance of a number of dedicated
Realtists and Realtors who provided leadership .
o
The concept of a working partnership between real estate
interests and open housing interests is as valid an approach
to the achievement of open housing as is confrontation or
conflict between the two interests.
o
A negative factor was the widespread resistance of many in
the industry to the implementation of many parts of the program.
The specific research performed by contractors and by Baltimore Plan
staff provided additional information on Plan impact, however, the absence
of appropriate control groups limits this research to indicative rather than
conclusive results.
The changes and improvements noted by researchers were quite mixed. The
most positive was a marked decline in perceived discrimination against black
home buyers in surveys of recent buyers. This finding was, however, offset by
a significant increase in the number of sales associates who believed steering
went on (possibly a consequence of greater sensitivity to the issue) . Field
work in the Harbel community suggested new evidence of substantial discrimination
and steering . This also raised questions about the accuracy on the belief of
95 percent of blacks that they felt no restriction in selection of housing
because of racial discrimination. Employoent surveys conducted by the Baltimore
Plan revealed that real estate employment of minorities was very low in whiteowned firms and that this area needed considerable improvement.
Finally, it has been noted that strenuous efforts were needed to sign up 195
firms (65 percent) doing 85 percent of the residential sales made through the
Central Maryland Multiple Listing Service in Baltimore County/City . Moreover,
involving the industry in the implementation of the Baltimore Plan required
additional strenuous effort, including meetings, introductory and follow-up
29
�letters, and follow-up telephone calls. Additionally only 45 percent of those
endorsing the Plan returned 1979 employment questionnaires, and, after 2 years
of effort, compliance wi th IUD's voluntary affirmative ad vert ising guidelines
resulted in only 52-percent usage of the Equal Housing Opportunity slogan
logo.
The Baltimore Plan was not systematic but rather involved a trial and
error process, learning what works and what does not in a specific community.
Not all the strategies and projects attempted in the Baltimore Plan will be
appropriate for all jurisdictions or under all conditions. This report does,
however, offer other interested groups practical insight and advice in the
areas of education, outreach, advertising, monitoring, research, and cooperation
of projects of joint concern. The accomplishments were substantial and even
the areas of limited success or failure can be instructive to those concerned
with achievi~g fair housing goals by voluntary means.
","u.s.
30
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1983-417-786
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Discrimination in housing
Nonprofit organizations
Citizens' associations
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
African Americans
Housing
Baltimore (Md.)
Community organization
Reports
Correspondence
Newsletters
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit provides an introduction to the work of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) around issues of racial integration in housing and tenants' rights from the 1950s to the 2000s.
Established in 1958, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. was formed to promote an open housing market and viable integrated neighborhoods in the Baltimore area. It was established by several neighborhood associations and supported by civic organizations like the Greater Baltimore Committee. The early focus of the organization was to obtain open housing and stable neighborhoods during a period of widespread white flight and blockbusting in Baltimore City. Through education and advocacy, it sought to counter racial prejudice, to fight discrimination in the real estate industry, and to combat neighborhood deterioration resulting from segregated housing. More recently, BNI has focused on tenant-landlord relations and renters' rights.
The Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 22 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 32 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/14" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records, UB Special Collections & Archives</a>
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R0015-BNI
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2019-09
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32 items
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The Baltimore Plan for Affirmative Marketing in Real Estate: Final Report
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A federal housing report on affirmative marketing of real estate in the Baltimore metropolitan area
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1983-08
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Housing
Real estate business
Discrimination in housing
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development
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U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research
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University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
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bni06.01.36a
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Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records (R0015-BNI), series VI, box 1, folder 36, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
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Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
Discrimination in housing
Housing
Real estate business
United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development
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PDF Text
Text
APARTMENT
DISCRIMINATIml
IN
BALTIMORE COUNTY
AND
CITY
1977 - 78
FOLLOW-UP TO
1972 APARTMENT AUDIT
published by;
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
32 West 25th Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218
(301/243-600])
May,
1978
EQUAL HOUSING
OPPORTUNITY
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Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) is a private,
non-profit civil rights agency organized in 1959
working for viable interracial communities, fair
housing, and tenants' rights in the Baltimore
Metropolitan area.
One part of BNI's program activity is the handling
of housing discrimination complaints and the monitoring of the local housing industry for compliance
with fair housing laws.
Fair housing IS and HAS BEEN the law of the land
since Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968
and the U.S. Supreme Court upheld an 1866 Civil
Rights Act which proclaimed:
All citizens of the United States
shall have the same right, in every
state and territory, as is enjoyed
by whi te ci ti zens thereof to i nheri t,
purchase, lease, sell, hold, and
convey real and personal property.
Therefore, "all racial discrimination, private as
well as public, in the sale or rental of property"
is prohibited.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks not only to the testers who participated in
this apartment audit but also to Paul Knefel, a Vista
Volunteer, who did most of the ground work and helped
see the audit through to completion. Appreciation must
also be noted for the compilation of this report by
Carolyn Boitnott, Testing and Compliance Committee
Chairperson and Don Miller, Associate Oirector of BNI.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • Page
TESTING:
Purpose •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Method
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
1
1
Table I: Geographic Distribution ••••••••••••••••
2
RESULTS:
Surrrnary of
Table II:
Table III:
Table IV:
Resul ts •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••
2
Difference of Treatment •••••••.••••••
Comparison to the 1972 Audit ••••...•.
Presence of Equal Housing Opportunity
3
Poster ..••..•..••••••.•.•..•
3
CONCLUSION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
4
Corrrnent on National Fair Housing Audit ••••••••••
4
APPENDICES:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Surrrnary & Conclusions of 1972 Audit
Sources of Apartment Lists
Size and Price Range of Apartment
Complexes Tested
Testing Report Form
Difference of Treatment Examples
Map showing Locations of Apartment
Complexes
HUD's Equal Housing Opportunity Poster
3
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APARTMENT DISCRIMINATION
IN BALTIMORE COUNTY AND CITY
1977 - 78
SUMMARY
From October
conducted an
metropolitan
was found in
1977 to April 1978, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
audit of 51 randomly selected apartments in the
area. Overall, a Difference of Treatment of Blacks
39% of the apartment complexes tested.
PURPOSE
This audit was conducted to determine if there has been a decrease in discriminatory treatment against Blacks as reported
in a similar audit conducted by Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
in 1972. (Appendix A)
METHOD
Apartment Selection Process--From various sources Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. compiled two separate lists totaling over 650 apartment
complexes. One list contained Baltimore City apartment complexes and
the other, Baltimore County (Appendix B). Eliminated from consideration were those complexes operated or regulated by a government
agency (i.e. public hou sing and HUD subsidized apartment s), those
under 30 units in size, those having a majority Black population,
co-ops, condominiums, and student housing units. Those remaining
on each list were placed in alphabetical order and then numbered
sequential ly. Fifty numbers from each of the two lists were selected at random using a table of random numbers. It was intended that the study would cover these 100 apartment complexes. However, it was found that nearly half of these complexes were not
open on the weekends. By selecting only those apartment complexes
where rental offices are open on weekends the results are possibly
understating the amount of discrimination. Of the 51 complexes,
49 were successfully tested. (Appendix C gives size and price range)
partici~ants--Approximate1y
50 White testers and 40 Black testers
formed 4 and 21 pairs respectively with each pair testing from
one to six complexes.
Testing Procedures--Each apartment complex was assigned to a Black
palr and a Whlte pair of trained testers. Each of these sets was
given identical backgrounds in terms of income, type of apartment,
when desired, and by whom it was to be occupied . Testers visited
the apartment complex within the hour of each other. Immediate1 y
after testing the complex each pair completed a report form to
insure all pertinent information was documented in a comparable
fash i on (Appendix D). With th e exception of two complexes all
tests were completed and counted in this report. The two complexes unsuccessfully tested were not considered becau se in one
instance the pairs inadvertently asked for different types of
apartment units, and in the other one pair was unable to fulfill
its assi gnment.
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Geographic Distribution--The geographic distribution of the
developments both by number of complexes and by number of units
(impact) is shown in Table I.
TABLE I
Summary of Geographic Distribution
of 49 completed tests
Apartment
Complexes
Apartment Dwelling
Units
Baltimore County
Baltimore City
31 (63%)
18 (37%)
11 ,013
4,424
(71 %)
( 29%)
Tota 1 :
/0
49 ( 100" )
15,437
(100%)
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
In the 49 completed tests of apartment complexes four categories
of Difference of Treatment were found: (Appendix E gives some
s pecific examples)
1.
Rental agent displayed a less satisfactory
demeanor (includes amount and manner in which
information was given) toward Black testers.
(l~ by number of complexes).
/o
In two of the
complexes tested, the agent made derogatory
comments about Blacks to the White testers.
2.
Rental agent indicated earlier availabiltiy
to White testers (12% by number of complexes).
3.
Rental agent made economic inquiries of Black
testers and not of White testers (2% by number
of complexes).
4.
Agent showed different apartment units to each
pair and/or gave different addresses of available
apartment units or referred to different apartment comp1exes--raising the question of "racial"
steering within or outside of the apartment complex tested (16% by number of complexes).
Table II shows geographic distribution of Difference of Treatment
combining all four categories above. (Appendix F)
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II
TABLE I I
Summary of Di ffere nce of Treatment
Apartment
Com121exes
Difference of
Treatment
Baltimore County
Baltimore City
31
18
(
(
63%)
37%)
11
8
(35%)
(44%)
Tota 1 :
49
( 100" )
10
19
(39%)
Apartment Dwelling
uni ts (i ml2act l
Difference of
Treatment
Baltimore County
Bal timore City
11 ,013 ( 71 %)
4,424 ( 29" )
10
3,618
2,277
(33%)
( 51 %)
Tota l:
10
15,437 ( 100" )
5,895
(38%)
Table III below shows a comparison between kinds of Difference of
Tr eatment in 1972 and 1978.
TABLE III
Comparison to the '972 Audit
Number of
Com121exes
Number of Apt. Dwelling
uni ts (iml2act)
~
1972
1978
1972
Overa 11 Difference of
Treatment
49"
10
39"
10
53%
38%
Less Satisfactory
Demeanor
Ea r 1i er Avai 1abi 1i ty
Economic Inquiry
Possible racial steering
29"
10
22%
27%
-- *
18"
10
12%
2%
16%
23%
26%
25"
10
21 %
12%
2%
16%
-- *
*Racial steering was not considered in the 1972 Audit.
ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS
Presence of the Equal Housing 0l2l2ortunity Sign--Federal law requires
the Department of Housing and Urban Development's EHO poster to be
posted (Appendix G) in all rental and real estate offices. During
the audit testers were asked to check for the presence of the poster.
Table IV shows the degree to which the complexes were in compliance.
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TABLE IV
Presence of EHO Poster
Baltimore
City
Baltimore
County
Sign posted
No sign
UnknONn
6 ( 33%)
11 ( 61 %)
1 ( 6%)
15
16
(
( 48%)
52%)
( -- )
21
27
1
(
(
(
Total:
18 ( 100" )
/0
31
( 100"/0)
49
/0
( 100" )
Total
43%)
55%)
2%)
CONCLUSION
Difference of Treatment of potential apartment seekers by race is
s till widely practiced in the metropolitan area. HONever, the
degree is somewhat improved--3~ compared with 4~ in 1972. The
/o
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Difference of Treatment and/or discriminatory discouragement which
still occurs seems to be more subtle as most Black testers felt
t hey could have obtained an apartment in the complexes tested; it
was only in comparing the treatment and/or information given Blacks
and Whites that the differences were found.
Although difficult to compare because of the different manners in
which they were conducted, this recent BNI audit is not inconsistent
with HUD's release in April of preliminary information on a nationwide audit of discrimination in housing (40 different metropolitan
areas but not the Baltimore area). The preliminary information
from the HUD audit as to apartment testing indicates : 49.4% White
favored response, 30.3% equal treatment and 20 . 3% Black favored
response. HUD subtracted 20.3% from 49.4% to come up with a
29.1 % level of discrimination. BNI used extensive lists of apartment complexes, eliminating predominately Black complexes from its
audit base, while HUD tested apartment complexes that advertised.
~I found only one incident of a Black favored response.
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Foo tnote to National Fair Housing Audit:
A national audit of real estate offices and apartment complexe s
was conducted by the Department of Housing and Urban Development
f r om June to July 1977, in 40 metropolitan areas across the country
at a cost of one million dollars with 300 Black and 300 White teste r s participating. Some 1609 tests were made of rental properties
and 1655 tests of sale housing. This represents HUD's preliminary
r es ult s . HUD is in the process of computerizing the results and
ove r th e next six months will release specific reports covering
varying aspects of the audit.
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APPENDIX A
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1972 Apartment Audit
Summary
Under the auspices of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc., a study
was conducted in February and March, 1972 to evaluate racial discrimination as practiced by apartment developments in the Baltimore
Metropolitan Area. A random selection of 93 developments which included a wide range of locations, sizes and rental costs was tested
by 45 bi-racial teams. These tests indicated that Blacks will encounter in the total of all categories tested, even prior to making
an application, a pattern of discriminatory discouragement 45 to 55
per cent of the time. The study correlates these various forms of
discrimination with location, size and rental.
Conclusion
Discrimination exists and is practiced extensively among rental
agents throughout the Baltimore Metropolitan Area. Discrimination is
both overt and subtle; varies with economic level, development size
and geographic location; and represents violations of the spirit if
not the letter of Federal and local law. On the basis of this sample
the report indicates that the Black person who atempts to rent a unit
in a predominatly White apartment complex has 1 chance out of 2 in the
City, and 3 chances out of 5 in the County, of encountering discriminatory discouragement. "Seeing" an apartment is only the first step toward occupancy. Further opportunity to discriminate is possible in the
processing of the application.
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APPENDIX B
SOURCES OF BALTIMORE COUNTY AND CITY
APARTMENT COMPLEX LISTS
1.
Baltimore City and Baltimore County
Stewart Directories, 1977 Edition
2.
Metropo litan Baltimore Apartment and
New Home Guide, May-July, 1977
3.
Baltimore Metropolitan Area Telephone
Directory, November, 1977
4.
Baltimore City Yellow Pages, June, 1977
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5.
Baltimore Suburban East and West
Telephone Directory, February, 1977
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6.
Baltimore County Office of Planning
Zoning
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APPENDIX C
SIZE AND PRICE RANGE OF APARTMENT
COMPLEXES TESTED
Area
No. of Dwell i ng
Units per Complex
Price for 2
Bedroom Unit
Bi3ltimore County
74 - 876
$181 - 347
Baltimore City
80 - 667
$174 - 410
74 - 876 uni ts
$174 - 410
Over all
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APPENDIX E
DIFFERENCE OF TREATMENT
(Some Examples)
- White team told of an apartment available on December 1.
Black team told that nothing was available and the agent
suggested they call back and check in December.
- White team was shown vacant apartment and agent made derogatory comments about Blacks. Black team was not shown
vacant apartment.
- White team was shown vacant apartment and name was taken
by agent. Black team was not shown vacant apartment and
name was not taken.
- White team was told nothing was available in garden type
apartment, but that there was a vacancy in the high-rise.
Black team was told of availability in garden type; the
high-rise was only mentioned after a White .person inquired
during the Black team's visit.
- White team was told of availability, no questions were
asked about income and no referrals were made to other
complexes. Black team was given a later availability date ,
and was asked about income and told they might want to
check at another named complex.
- No apartment was available for either team, however, the
White team was told that they maintained a lon~ waiting
list which allowed them to pick and choose thelr tenants.
The agent also referred to other complexes which allowed
all sorts of people in - "drug addicts, Blacks, Chinese."
�APPENDIX F
49 Apartment Complexes Tested
TimooIiIm
--
\
_...
)( ®
)( X
@
X
N
I
Glen Ik.nie
CODE:
QD=
X
Difference of Treatment, i.e. discrimination
= no discrimination
�APPE N X G
DI
I
HUD's EHO POSTER
I
I
I
EQUAL HOUSING
OPPORTUNITY
I
We Do Business in Accordance With the
I
Federal Fair Housing Law
I
(Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968,as Amended by
the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974)
I
I IT IS ILLEGAL TO DISCRIMINATE AGAINST
ANY PERSON BECAUSE OF RACE, COLOR,
I
RELIGION, SEX, OR NA TIONAL ORIGIN .
I
• In the sale or rental of housing or residential lots
• In advertising the sale or rental of housing
I
• In the financing of housing
I
• In the provision of real estate brokerage services
I
Blockbusting is also illegal
I
An aggrieved person may file a complaint of a housing discrimination act with the:
I
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVElOPMENT
Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
I
Washington, D.C. 20410
I
I
HUD-'21 .1 17f 75) P,.. io" •• dltlon, Gr ••"$OI.t.
�
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Discrimination in housing
Nonprofit organizations
Citizens' associations
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
African Americans
Housing
Baltimore (Md.)
Community organization
Reports
Correspondence
Newsletters
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit provides an introduction to the work of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) around issues of racial integration in housing and tenants' rights from the 1950s to the 2000s.
Established in 1958, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. was formed to promote an open housing market and viable integrated neighborhoods in the Baltimore area. It was established by several neighborhood associations and supported by civic organizations like the Greater Baltimore Committee. The early focus of the organization was to obtain open housing and stable neighborhoods during a period of widespread white flight and blockbusting in Baltimore City. Through education and advocacy, it sought to counter racial prejudice, to fight discrimination in the real estate industry, and to combat neighborhood deterioration resulting from segregated housing. More recently, BNI has focused on tenant-landlord relations and renters' rights.
The Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 22 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 32 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
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<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
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<a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/14" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records, UB Special Collections & Archives</a>
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<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/">University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives</a>
Date
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circa 1958-2009
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Format
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text/pdf
Language
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English
Type
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Text
Identifier
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R0015-BNI
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2019-09
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32 items
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Apartment Discrimination in Baltimore County and City, 1977-78
Description
An account of the resource
A follow-up report to the 1972 Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. apartment audit
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1978-05
Subject
The topic of the resource
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
Discrimination in housing
Race discrimination
Rental housing
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
Type
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Text
Format
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application/pdf
Identifier
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bni06.01.02a
Source
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Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records (R0015-BNI), series VI, box 1, folder 2, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
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Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
Discrimination in housing
Race discrimination
Rental housing
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/44124/archive/files/3134eabaaa0ad715ffb3445725374535.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=AG%7EMv5PJY0bcL4Ldo1-Kcg5k-Au1LOdKEBHxUmz%7EH%7Ems8SJORbEQHkYfKJ-RgrJ%7EVvyB1NNpUGBSNo87b1oTJFu6Fll8o%7EMNBZzbbxJBMjo%7EZundA-iWHMzNCrT0DwwLEn2LSydcHAdI2KE8UAExZU24j73rMGPHX4gzfOBnJmPWzy7o6O1801tKr3ECOf3bO-AW0FZKSTm37wwfYYIxwm%7Eboyyr4QzcBAV2DqPO5fMw1z43O3GdfbnqVQUwCXBU-Yv0ynlTVFfMcyPekZaC6bdYzOII0VnPDwkm5EA933BQpnXwzCldoUO5R3fbVo9KlXvSKVqUAPyFXsdVG7OvOA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
c311784dcd2bbaac16d73a38cb509858
PDF Text
Text
. .,
,
TO:
GB L 9W and CB
\"
FROM:
Don Mi Iler
DATE:
Thursday, Apri I 14, 1983
RE:
Alleged Discriminatory Newspaper Advertising
by DICK BELMAN, INC.
r
BACKGROUNP
On Thursday, February 24, 1983 I received a call from a Mrs. Lois Stansberry at
4540 Old Court Road who said she listed her house with Dick Belman, Inc. through
agent Lou Issaacs, on February 7, 1983.
Stansberry's house (Baltimore Map Book page 24, J-12) is in a lightly int e grated
neighborhood called Autumn Woods. The 1980 census tract (4026-01) shows it to
be 14% Black. It is 'located in Northwest Baltimore County near the proposed
Beltway Exit 19.
At the time Lou Isaacs I isted the hou s e he promised, according to Mrs. Stansberry,
to advertise it in the Jewish Times, Sunpapers, Afro-American, and the Home pubI ication .. this would be "full advertising coverage" according to Lou Isaacs.
Stansberry became upset when she found out her house was not gett i ng the "full
coverage" .. it was not in the Afro-American despite several requests by her.
During the same time period her house was advertised in the Jewish Times for a
number of weeks. After a call by Stansberry on Thursday, March 3 telling agent
Isaacs that he was discriminating in his advertising and demanding he also advertise her home in the Afro, it then was published on Friday, March 18 and again on
Friday, March 25 in the Afro.
It was Stansberry's situation that caused me on Saturday, March 5th to review
Belman's ads in various newspapers. This led to the following in-depth review
and findings.
PURPOSE
Real estate advertising in general is discriminatory if it directs information
to minorities about houses in integra ted or predominantly black neighborhoods
rather than to house in communities of all kinds of racial makeup listed by the
real estate company. Conversely, directing information to Whites about houses In
predominantly white neighborhoods rather than in communities of all kinds of
racial makeup is discriminatory.
Furthermore, providing information in ads that makes it · easler o r more attractive
to prospective buyers of one ra ce to seek out the houses is also discriminatory
if the ads are differentially located In publications directed to different racial
or religious groups.
Speci fica"y,
(1)
this investigation addressed three questions:
Are ads of properties in the monitored publications the same in overall
ad content, including company servi ces and information about open houses?
For example, do ads of properties advertised in the Jewish Times contain
more information than properties advertised in the Afro?
�Be l man . . page 2
(2)
Are p ropert i es lo cated in int eg rated or predominantly Blac k neighborhood s more 1 i ke ly to be lo cated in the Afro th a n in the J ew i s h Ti mes
or the Sunday Sun? Are properti es located in predominantly white or
s l i ght l y integra t ed ne i ghbo rhoods mo re like ly to be l ocated in th e
J ew i s h Ti mes or Sunday Sun than in the Afro?
(3)
Wh en communities of varying racial makeup a re named in ads, do these
ads t end to be placed in publications directed to minorities in acco rd with the rac i a 1 ma ke up of the commun i tie s ?
PROCDURE
During th e fo ur (4) February weekends in 19 83 Be l ma n' s ads we re n~ nit ored in the
following pub li cat ions: J ewish Times, Afro-American, Sunday Sun, and the N
ews
American on both Saturdays and Sunday s. Th e weekend s mo nitored in c luded: Friday,
Sat urd ay and Sunday of February 4,5, and 6; February 11,12,13; February 18,19,20;
and February 25,26, aAd 27 .. The Jewi s h Times i s publ i shed o n Frida y , the Afro
American on Sat urda y, the Sun day Sun o n Sunday and the N
ews Ame rican on both Saturday and Sunday.
The invest igat ion was divided into three parts. First, the lar ge company ad i n
each publication was reviewed for over-a ll ad cont e nt in c ludin g th e advert i sed
genera l company se rvices to see if they wer e uniformly offe re d in each of th e
moni tored publications irrespect ive o f ra ce and/or re ligion.
Second, each in d ividuall y advertised property wa s id ent i fied as to th e racial
makeup of it s neighbo rh ood locat ion to see if it was advert i se d in a ll of the
monitored pub li cat ions or ma rket e d on ly to one segm t of th e communit y by be in g
en
advertised in a particular publication direct ed to a pa rticular raci a l o r relig ious gro up.
Third , a ll ads co nt a inin g community name s were anal ysed to see if the commun i ty
named was uniformly advertised in all monitored publications or whether certain
commu ni ties appea red in particul a r publi cat io ns based o n th ei r racial composition.
A tota l of 332 individual properties were reco rded from a ll three pub li cations.
Thes e re presented 71 diffe rent propert ies in a tota l of 17 Belman ads.
In order to determine whether diffe rential advertising costs could be a s ignificant factor in choice of publication s t a ff che cked the publi ca ti o ns for the cost
of a sing l e lin e of classified advertising. Onl y the Sund ay Sun carr ies a
"s in gl e line " rate at $2.17. In the J ew ish Times the sma ll est acceptab l e ad in
the c l assif ied sectio n rega rdin g "house for sa l e" i s a one time 1 3/4 inch wide
by 2 in ch es high at $18.20. There are two kinds of c l ass i f i e d ads in the Afro,
one i s 20e pe r wo rd, the second i s a 1 in ch ad at $10 .36 i f published once-or$17.92 if published twice. The News American ha s the s ame rat e for both Saturd ay or Sunday - $1.80 pe r single line but the paper ~o n't accept anything l ess
than two I ines at $3.60. It is impossibl e to compare all publications for general
costs, but the Jewish Times and Afro appear to be relatively comparab l e (e.g. a
J ew i s h Times 10 inch ad wo uld cost about $9 0 and in the Afro it wo uld cost about
$103) .
�Belman .. page 3
FINDINGS
Belman advertised in the JEWISH TIMES on each Friday in February (4,11,18 and
25); in the AFRO-AMERICAN on each Saturday (5,12,19, and 25); in the SUNDAY
SUN (6,20,27, and not the 13); and did not advertise in the NEWS AMER ICAN on
either Saturday or Sunday in February during the period monitored.
I.
LARGE COMPANY ADS REVIEWED FOR OVER-ALL CONTENT AND GENERAL COMPANY SERVICES.
In compar ing the over-a ll company ads as they appeared in each of the monitored publications, it is obviou s that distinct differences exist between
them as follows:
Jewish Times
Afro-Amer ican
Sunday Sun
1.
References to:
- All Points Nat'l Relocat ion S'ervi Ce •
- H.G. Homes Prot ec tion Plan
- Guaranteed Home Sale
No ment ion except:
"We Buy Hou ses "
No men t ion
2.
Velvet Hills, new housing
development with interest
rate informati on mention ed across entire ad.
No ment ion
M ntioned but in
e
l ess deta i I
3.
Many open houses in each
ad with addresses, hours,
description of and directions to houses.
"Call Office For ( #
inserted) Open Hou ses
By Appo i n tmen t"
Each large ad is
almost exclusively
open houses
4.
No mention of Equal Housing
Opportunity "
*
II.
~v
,~J.I'
~~\J~.v
,r
cr
No EHO mention
No EHO mention
(HUD regulations require the use of an Equal Hou s ing Opportunity Logo
and/or slogan in real estate ads.)
INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES ADVERTISED IN ONE OR MORE PUBLICATIONS .
~
,~
d.d...u
The second part of the investigation reveal ed two types of individual properties: A. Open Houses (properties with addresses) of which there were 40
different open houses advertised in the Jewish Times and Sunday Sun but none
in the Afro; and B. Non-Open Hou ses (properties without addresses) of which
there were 57 diffe rent properties, 28 in the Jewish Times and 29 in the Afro
and none were advertised in the Sunday Sun large company ads. Another six
smal l individual ads appeared sprinkled throughout. the Sunday Sun classified
sect ion, three of which had addresses.
A.
Open Houses: Of the 40 different open houses that were advertised in the
Jewish Times, 38 or 95% of them also appeared in the Sunday Sun while 7 or
18% appeared in the Afro and then only as properties requiring an appointment. Th e Afro ads did not contain address.
�Be lman .. page 4
40 OPEN HOUSES ADVERTISED IN THE JEWISH TIMES
COMPARED WITH THE AFRO AND SUN
2 Weeks
3 Week s
4W
eeks
Total
6
17
40
3
10
5
2
0
2
7
9
18
Didn't
Adv.
37
0
0
0
0
Publ ication
Week
J ewi sh Times
12
Afro
*
Sunday Sun
Not Adv.
EI sewhe re
3
3
*
It s hould be noted that the Afro ads were
not advertised as open house s as they were
in th e J ewish Times and Sunday Sun, but in stead required an appointment, he nce no ad"' dresses we re in the ads.
B.
Non-Op en H
ouses: Of the 31 diffe rent non-open houses that were advertised in the Jewish Times, 2 or 6% of them also appeared in the Sunday Sun
(a ll other Sun ads were open hou ses ) whil e 5 or 16% appeared in th e Afro .
31 NON-OPEN HOUSES ADVERTISED IN THE JEWISH TIMES
COMPARED WITH THE AFRO AND SUN
Week
Jewish Times
13
Afro
2 W
eeks
3 Weeks
4 W
eeks
Tot a l
9
2
4
31
0
5
2
0
Pub I i ca t i on
0
Sunday Sun
5
2
Al so , 29 other differe nt properties from tho se mentioned above were advertis ed in th e Afro and 9 or 31 % of these were a l so adve rtised in the
J ew ish Times. None o f the ads appeared in the Sunday Sun.
29 NON-OPEN HOUSES IN THE AFRO
COMPARED WITH THE JEWISH TIMES AND SU N
Pub I i cat ion
Week
Afro
J ew i sh Times
5
0
Sunday Sun
0
4 W
eeks
Tota l
6
20
2
7
3 Wee ks
6
2 Weeks
9
0
o
0
I I I . RACIAL COMPPOSITION OF THE ADVERTISED NEIGHBORHOODS.
The third and final part of this invest igation identifi e d th e racial composition of the immediate ne ighborhood wherein the open hou se was located
as we ll as those non-open house ads th at named a community. The publ ications were then monitored to determine if ce rt ain communities were more
�Belman .. page 5
frequently advertised in one publication over another based on race and/or
rei igion.
A.
Open Houses: A tota l of 38 different open houses were advertised in
the Jewish Times and Sunday Sun. Of those, 23 or 61 % of the advertised
properties are in 1980 census tracts where the Black population is less
than fifteen per-ce nt ; 9 or 24 % of the properties in 1980 census tracts
where the Black population is fifteen per-cent; and 6 or 15% of the
properties are in 1980 census tracts having a twenty per-ce nt or more
Black popu l ation.
The fifteen '~pen house"
properties located in 1980 census tracts
witha fifteen per-cent or more Black population were further scrutinized
by staff checking with knowledgeable community people for racial composit i on verification. In one case staff drove through the neighborhood
and knocked on thirteen doors to identify the race of the occupants. Of
the 15 open house properties scrutinized, 11 or 74% are in neighborhoods
that range f~om ~ ll White ·to lightly in tegrated; 2 or 13% in neighborhoods ranging f.rom moderate to heavily integrated; and 2 or 13% in neighborhoods ranging from heavily to predominately Black. In sum, of the 38
different open houses advertised in th e Jewish Time s and Sunday Sun
34 or 89% were in predominat~o r ,l'ghtly integrated neighborhoods.
B.
Non-Open Houses: A total of 26 different non-ope n houses were advertised
only in the J ewish Ti mes. In 21 or 81% of those non-open houses advertised, the neighborhoods were identi fiable by race . In 5 or 19% of the other
ads the neighborhoods could not be identified by race becau se either the
advertised community name was too large of an area or as in one ad no location at a ll was indicated.
Of the 21 different non -open hou se properties advertised on l y in the Jewish Times where the neighborhoods cou l d be ident ifi ed by race, ( 14 or 67%
are in all white or lightly integrated neighborhoods; and 7 or 33% are in
predominantly white neighobbrhoods) a ll were in predominant l y white or
lightly integrated neighborhoods.
A total of 20 different non-open house s were advertised only in the Afro.
Of those advertised, 12 o r 60% are in ne i ghbo rhoods that range from ~
Black to moderately integrated; 2 or 10% in lightly integrated neighborhoods; 2 or 10% in white neighborhood s; and 4 or 20% in areas too large
to determine the race without an address. In sum, of the 16 non-open
houses advertised on l y in the Afro, 12 or 75% were in l'feaendMiit"ly integrated or a ll Black neighborhoods.
V9Cuc;t::;:ab>\
-
Another 9 non-open houses were advertised in both the Afro and the Jewi sh
Times. They are located in neighborhoods ranging from predom in antly white
in lor 10% of the ads; lightly integrated in 4 or 45% of the ads; and
moderate l y integrated in 4 or 45% of the ads . .
C.
Names: Of the total 58 different community names used in the
large Belman company ads in the Jewish Times and Afro, (the Sunday Sun
ads did not contain community names but had an open house address) 36 or 62%
we re advertised only in the Jewish Times.
Con~unity
Of those 36 community names only advertised in the Je\.';sh Times, 33 or 92%
are in near l y a l l white neighborhoods.
�Belman .. page 6
Another 14 or 24 % named communities advertised on l y in the Afro. Of
those only in the Afro, 11 or 79 % are in Black or moderate l y-rntegrated
neighborhoods.
Another 8 or 14 % named communities were advertised in both the Jewish
Times and the Afro. Of those in both publications, 5 or 64 % are in predominantly white or 1 ightly integrated named neighborhoods.
SUMMARY
The finding of this inve st igation show that DICK BELMAN, INC . has allegedly engaged in discriminatory advertising in that the company:
1.
offers general compa ny services to the Jewish communit y as mentioned in
the Jewish Times ads while no mention of those same serv ices are offered
to the Black community in the Afro-American ads;
2.
makes no mention of equa l housing opportunities in any of the advertised
properties in any of the monitored publ ications as cal l ed for by HUD's
Fair Housing Advertising Regulation;
3.
advert is es open houses in the Jewish Times with addresses, hours to visit,
house descriptions and directions to them whi l e the Afro-American reader
is instructed to call the office for open houses; and
4.
advertises individual properties and community names only in the Jewish
Times if they are in all white neighborhoods or those that are very lightl y integrated while the properties and community names l ocated in all
Black or well integrated ne ighborhoods are advertised only in the Afro
' ,'
. .
Ameri can.
The alleged discriminatory advertising practices as cited above are in violation
of the Federal Fair Housing Act of 1968, Section 804 (c) and the Maryland fair
housing law:
"To make, print, or publ ish, or cause to be made, printed, or
published any notice, statement, or advertisement, with respect to the sa le or rental of a dwel ling that indicates any
preference, limitation, or discrimination based on race, color,
religion, sex, or national origin, or an int e ntion to make any
such preference, I imi tation, or discrimination."
The key phrase in this section of the federal and state law is: "indicates any
preference". Belman is indicating or stating a preference by marketing certain
propert ies located in largely white or all white areas to whites and/or Jewish
persons while Blacks are marketed to those properties and communities that are
l argely in all Black or integrated areas.
RECOMMENDATION
BNI should file a law suit in Federal Court aga in st Be l man for his alleged discrimi natory advertising, subject of course with the concurrence by BNI 's Fair
Hou s i ng Lega I Pane 1 .
�•
Belman .. page 7
If a suit i s not filed th en a complaint with HUD, MCHR, and the Mary land Real
Es tate Commi ss ion , a ll s imultaneous l y, s hould be fil e d. The filing of a com-)
plaint and/or law su it shou ld be announced to the community through a press
re lea se namin g the Responde nt.
\
' .'
THE FOLLOWING AGREE ON THIS 14TH DAY OF
APRIL , 1983, AFTER REVIEWING THE ABOVE,
THAT BNI SHOULD PROCEED WITH THE ABOVE
RECOMMENDED ACTION AGAINST DICK BELMAN,
INC.
George B. Laurent
Donald J. Miller
Dickens Warfield
Carolyn P. Boitnott
�40 Open H
ouses Advertised In The J ewish Times
Compared Wi th The Afro And ·Sun
Jew i sh Ti mes
Sunday Sun
4
11
18
25
6
13
20
7
8
9
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
o
Twelve Trees
Velvet Valley
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Fallstaff
x
Stevenson
Rancher (Brighton) x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Randallstown
Stoneybrook
Fieldstone
Kimberly West
Courtleigh
Randa II s town
Leight!J n Green
Randa 1 Is to';;n .
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Mil brook
x
19
26
x
Cabot Rd, 3529
Cherrybrook Rd, 3810
Church Lane, 8927
Courtleigh, 3410
Crossleigh Ct, 3707
Dell Ct, 13
Duncannon, 4716
Elmcroft, 3827
Fallstaff, 4144
"
4142
Gala Lan e, 2
"
, 11
Johnson St, 5908
Joppa Rd, 205 E
Lencrest Rd, 9409
M
acBeth W
ay, 6533
Ma r yh i II, 10
Na ssa u St, 522
OJ i bway, 10
Old Court Rd, 4540
Ol mstea d, 925
Orchard View Ave,9009
Overcrest , 5203
Papgo Ct, 10
Park Hghts Ext,l1016
Sa I t Lake Dr, 8114
Shellbrook Ct, 3702
Southall, 9812
Steven son Rd, 7932
Stevenswood Rd, 8525
Walnut Ave, 3202
Winands, 9319
Winands Rd, 9911
Winterbrook, 8833
Wood thorne Ct, 2
12
x
x
Ba rtwood, 3809
Birch Hollow, 3404
Byfield Rd, 3816
1
2
3
4
5
6
5
27
Ba nnock Ct, 17
Baronet Rd, 10801
o
1980
Cen su c
% Black
In Afro
As Appmts.
8.08
14.08
.07
49.08 x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(1)
x
x
+20 %
6.07
6.07
14.07
28.02
46.00
14.00
6.07
.08
.08
.08
.08
12.06
8.08
15.08
l ess than 10%
x
x
x
x
x
x
5.04
x x
(1) x
49.08
15.08
14.00
11 . 07
15.00
77.00
15.08
1.03
28.02
6.07
15.08
1.03
14.07
1. 01
15 .08
15.08
15.08
8.08
x
x
x
x so ld
sold
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
"
Bedford Village
"
x
x
Colonial
x x
Ridgely Condo
x
Wi ndr i dge
x x
Carrol town
x
Velvet Hills
x x
Wi II iamsburg/Sudbrook x
Twe I ve Tr ees
Pk
Autumn W
oods
x x
Sudbrook Pk
Ra ndallstown
x
Windsor Terr
x
x x
Twelve Trees
Greenspring Vly
x
Cedars
x sold
Stoneybrook
sold
Wi Idwoods
x x
Stevenso n
x x
Stevenswood
x
Va 11 ey Hi 1 Is
x x
Windridge
x x
Twelve Trees
x sold
Springbrook
x x
Sandalwood Co-op
x
x= staff
checkedl
15.87 x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
so ld
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x· x
x
X
x
x
x
x
,
,
,
,
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
,
38 or 95 % in both Jewi s h Times and Su n
2 or 5% in J ew ish Times, marked "sold'" (# 11
1iO TOTAL
&
32)
7 or 18% in all 3, Jewish Times, Sun & Afro
*
(1)
= smal l
ads in Sunday Sun
out side of the large
company ad.
�
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Title
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Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Discrimination in housing
Nonprofit organizations
Citizens' associations
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
African Americans
Housing
Baltimore (Md.)
Community organization
Reports
Correspondence
Newsletters
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit provides an introduction to the work of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) around issues of racial integration in housing and tenants' rights from the 1950s to the 2000s.
Established in 1958, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. was formed to promote an open housing market and viable integrated neighborhoods in the Baltimore area. It was established by several neighborhood associations and supported by civic organizations like the Greater Baltimore Committee. The early focus of the organization was to obtain open housing and stable neighborhoods during a period of widespread white flight and blockbusting in Baltimore City. Through education and advocacy, it sought to counter racial prejudice, to fight discrimination in the real estate industry, and to combat neighborhood deterioration resulting from segregated housing. More recently, BNI has focused on tenant-landlord relations and renters' rights.
The Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 22 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 32 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
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<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
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<a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/14" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records, UB Special Collections & Archives</a>
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<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/">University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives</a>
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circa 1958-2009
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text/pdf
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English
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R0015-BNI
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2019-09
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32 items
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Title
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Alleged Discriminatory Newspaper Advertising by Dick Belman, Inc.
Description
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Memorandum and investigative report regarding the role of race in the real estate practices of Dick Belman, Inc.
Date
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1983-04-14
Subject
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Real estate business
Real estate agents
Discrimination in housing
Race discrimination
African Americans
Relations with Jews
House selling
Advertising
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Miller, Don
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University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
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bni05.01.20a
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Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records (R0015-BNI), series V, box 1, folder 20, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
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Advertising
African Americans
Classified advertising
Discrimination in housing
House selling
Race discrimination
Real estate agents
Real estate business
Relations with Jews
-
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88494bb9ed5dfb5b830b413e5154ec3f
PDF Text
Text
Study of
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
June,
Health and Welfare Council
of the Baltimo:re Area, Inc .
10 South Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
1965
�I!mIBERS OF TIlE STUDY CCHIITTEE
Roy Borom
James F. Miller
Howard Ofnt
Mrs. Henry L. Rogers
Charles L. Stout
Arthur Wyatt
Robert D. Myers, Chaiman
STAFF:
John M. Spence, Planning Director
Health and Welfare Council of the
Baltimore Area, Inc.
�TABIE CF CONTENTS
I.
Introducti on ... .. ... . ....... . . .... .... .. ... . .. . .. .. .. .. .... .. ...... . ..
1 - 3
A.
Request for the s tudy ............. ..• .... . . .. .... . . . •...• . ...
1
B.
fMC decision to engage in the study . .... ... .. ....... . .... ... ..
1
C.
Facets of Baltimore Neighbor hoods operati on with which
t he study was concerned . ......... .. ............... .. .........
1 - 2
.... .............. .. ......... ... ... .. ...........
2
D.
E.
II.
TIl.
IV.
Study method
Data collected and persons interviewed . ..•.•.. ..•.... • . . .•• • • 2 - 3
Open-Occupancy and the problem of changing neighborhoods in
the Baltimore area . .. ......... .. .................. .... ........ . . . .. .. .
Circumstances leading to the formation of Baltimore
Neighborhoods
,
........ ... ..... ....... . ...... ... ....... .. ........... .
4- 6
7 - 8
Findings and conclusions . .. ..... . ..... . .. . ....... . ... .... . . . ... . .. .. . 9 - 28
Appendices
�I.
Introduction
A.
Request for the study - In August, 1964, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
requested the Health and Welfare Council (HrVC) to undertake a study of
Baltimore Neighb orhoods.
In his letter of request, the Executive
Director of Baltimore Neighborhoods stated that his agency planned to
•
make formal application for membership in the Comnrunity Chest.
•
Before
proceeding with the application, Baltimore Ne i ghborhoods wanted the fWC
to conduct a study that would evaluate certain aspects of Baltimore
Neighborhoods I purpose and program activities.
B.
HNC decision to engage in the study - After a careful consideration of the
objectives sought by Baltimore Neighborhoods from the study and after
ccnsultation with that agency1s Executive Director,
11
plan for the study .
R~
staff developed a
Baltimore Neighborhoods concurred in the plan, and
at its December, 1964 meeting, the HWC Board of Dir ect?rs voted to undertake
tho study on this basis.
C.
Facets of Baltimore Neighborhoods 1 operation with which the study was
concerned - It was decided to limit the scope of the study to an evaluation of three aspects of Baltimore Neighborhoods I operation.
The
study dealt with:
1.
a determination of which services currently provided by Baltimore
Neighborhoods in the Baltimore metropolitan area are unique and
which (if any) are similar to those already being provided in
I
"Study Plan, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. lI ,
Appendix A.
�- 2 -
the community under other auspices, either public or private;
2.
a consideration of what effect
(~f
any) membership in the Community
Chest might have on the current program activit;i:es and method of
operation of Baltimore Ne i ghborhoods;
•
3.
an evaluation of the degree of responsibility employed by Baltimore
Neighborhoods in its activities and a consideration of the acceptance
of its efforts by various segments of the community.
D.
Study method - The President of the fMC appointed a small connnittee of lay
people to conduct the study. While some committee members were active in the
real estate industry or had backgrounds in the field of housing, -nona
~as
a
paid employee of any public or private agency working in housing or civil
rights.
A staff member of the
}We
was assigned to provide staff services .
It was his responsibility to coll ect background information and necessary
data for the committee ' s use.
The whole committee met a total of five times
over a two and one- half month period.
E.
Data collected and persons interviewed - Information was compiled through
discussions with the Executive Director of Baltimore Neighborhoods and from
the agency's Bvlaws, the minutes of its Board meetings, budget statements,
and various brochures and descriptive literature.
In the course of its work,
the committee elicited (by questionnaire) informat ion from housing agencies
and United Funds in certain other cities, from local neighborhood improvement aSSOCiations, and from local agencies and organizations engaged in work
similar to that of Baltimore Neighborhoods .
In addition,
~he
committee met with the President and Executive Director of
Baltimore Neighb orhoods and with the representative of a neighborhood
�- 3 -
improvement association with which Baltimore Neighborhoods engaged in
program activities .
The presidents of other improvement groups were inter-
vieHed by telephone.
•
The findings and conclusions in Section IV are the result of a careful
assessment of this material.
�- 4II.
Open occupancy and the problem of changinli/: neighborhoods in the Baltimore area
Baltimore Neighborhoods works in the sensitive, even controversial, field of
housing and race .
Before discussing the agency1s evolution and its specific
services it would be well to provide a framework by considering two aspects
of the problem currently
fac~ng
Baltimore in the field in which Baltimore
Neighborhoods operates.
First, is the quest ion of open occupancy.
Neither Baltimore City nor the
state of Maryland has fair housing legislation.
The Mayor1s office recently
released the findings of the Baltimore City Housing Study Advisory Commission.
The Commission was established to study the availability of housing for rninor-
ity groups in Baltimore City and the overall problem created by disorimin3ticD in housing .
Its Report recommends ppen housing legislation for Baltimore
City but indicates a more ideal solution would be state-wide open housing legis-
2/
lation.-
The Mayor withheld introduction of any local legislation pending the outcome
of a state-Wide fair housing measure introduced in the 1965 session of the
General Assembly .
The Assembly failed to enact the legislation and the Mayo.:-
has introduced a local open occupancy bill as he had promised he would do if
no action were forthcoming at the State level.
The City proposal would cover
all structures with more than two housing units and structures with one or
two units if neither unit is owner-occupied.
The bill would ban discrimination by an owner or real estate agent through
false representation that hOUSing is not available for inspection, rental,
2 Recommendation, Report of the Baltimore City Housin,G!; Study Advisory
£.emmission, NoveIllber, 1961i
�- 5 -
or sale .
tiona.
It would also prohibit discrimination by lending or mortgaging instituPlans call for enforcement to become the responsibilit y of the Community
3/
Relations Conunission. •
Second, is the problem of neighborhoods undergoing rapid changes from white to
Negro occupancy .
This is caused in part by the great pressure exerted on
northern industrial cities to provide expanded housing facilities for Negroes.
A series of articles in the then Baltimore Nel",s - Post and Sunda.V American cited
the following reasons for this pressure :
"1.
the surging migration of Negroes in increasing numbers from the
South to the North in search of greater educational, social and
economic opportunities;
2.
the failure of Northern industria,l centers to provide housing
for migrants from the Southj
3.
the displacement of a sizable number of Negroes by urban renewal
projects;
4. the inability of the Negro to obtain new housing to fill his needs;
5.
the increased earning power of the Negro, resulting in pressures
on white neighborhoods surrounding traditional Negro neighborhoods
for
6.
adeq~te
space;
the fear of white residents of Negro neighbors, even in limited
numbers and their subsequent flight to the suburbs . 1/
The r apid change of residential neighborhoods from primarily white occupied to
predominantly Negro occupied has been accompanied by, and resulted in, unwholesome practices and conditions .
_wo
11
One evil that has been associated with this
•
•
Since this was written the City COuncil has ended its current session
without ac.t ing on this proposed Ordinance.
�- 6 -
change is blockbusting or lithe deliberate creation or exploitation by a real
estate broker, dealer, speculator, or owners of prejudice, fear, ignorance,
•
or panic designated to induce a rapid change of a block's population from white
4/
to colored. u- The City now has an ordinance making illegal certain real estate
practices associated \'lith blockbusting.
Efforts of farsighted improvement associations and other interested groups to
combat blockbusting and maintain racially stahle neighborhoods provided part
of the impetus resulting in the establishment of Baltimore Neighborhoods.
It
was realized that neighborhood groups working separately could not deal with
such a many-faceted problem.
41
- Baltimore Community Relations Commission
�- 7 III.
Circumstances leading to the fonnation of Baltimore Neighhorhooos
During the mid -1950's, th e northwest section of Baltimore was undergoing extensive change in the racial composition af its neighborhoods.
improvement associations
J
Ashburton arxi \iirxlsor Hills, began active campaigns
to preserve the high resi dential quality of the ir areas.
•
Two neighborhood
keeping Negroes out, but at maintaining
discouraging the wholesale flight of
racial~
~~hite
They aimed not at
stable neighborhoods both by
familie s from the neighborhoods
and by encouraging new white families to move into the areas.
While these individual efforts and others like them met with some success, there
was a realistic recognition that at the core this was a probl em of attitudes
r ooted in traditional market practices
am.
prejudices.
The achieV8rent of
l asting progress lo.rould require both an ext ere ive educational campaign arxl
skillful work wi th the group:; and individuals most affected.
The task was
thought to exceed the scope of individual neighborhocx1 gr oups, even those that
had
successful~
In the summer of
responded to crises in their own backyards.
1958, several improvement associations , the Baltimore Urban
League, the Citizens Planning and Housing Association, and tm Harylarxl Commis sion on Inte rracial Problems and Relations appealed to the Greater Baltimore
Conunittee for help.
The Greater Baltimore Committee was approached because it
was thought to represent the business community's concern about Baltimore
City's economic futur e am was considered influential enough to lend effective
support to the search for so luti ons to a hous ing problem with economic as well
as social conse quences.
The Greater Baltimore Committee agreed to J:8 r ticipate in
activities aimed at solving the problems of racially changing neighborhoods and
recommend the establislunent of a city-wide agency for that purpose.
�- 8-
In November, 1958, the Dreater Baltimore Committee sponsored a housing conference
which focused on problems accompanying rapid neighborhood change, the need for
new, adequate housing for Negroes, and the need to identify, mobilize, and make
•
effective use of a variety of neighborhood resources.
At the conc lusion of the
conference, James W. Rouse issued the following statement:
l'We find that the rapid conversion of neighborhood from all-white
to all- N
egro occupancy presents Baltimore with one of its most serious
economic crises in recent years .
The flight of the medium and upper
income families from the city limits and their replacement by persons
of both races of the lowest income levels is a threat not
on~
to
our municipal solvency b)It to the economic stability of the entire
metropolitan area.
It is therefore recommended that there be formed
a city-wide organization composed of representatives of civic and
labor organizations, improvement associations, the Real Estate Board
of Greater Baltimore, the Greater Baltimore Committee, the Association
of Commerce, the homebuilders, and the city and state governments .
During the preliminary stages and until the city-wide group is
well established, the Greater Baltimore Committee will provide clerical and professional staff assistance . II
The Housing Conference was followed by the formation of Baltimore Neighborhoods in
March, 1959 .
�- 9 IV.
Findings and conclusions
In this section are presented the findings and conclusions of the study committee
with regard to the three aspects of BaltilTlore Neighborhoods I operation which
•
it was asked to assess.
The committee ' s findings, on which the conclusions are
based, are the result of an evalnation of the Background Material, replies to
various questionnaires, and the personal and telephone interviews conducted by the
cOt1l!llttee .
There follows each charge, the committee ' s concluSion, and the findings
which led to that conclusion .
Charge 1
To define which services currently provided by Baltimore Neighborhoods in the
Baltimore metropolitan area are unique and which (if any) are silnilar to those
a lready being provided in the community under other auspices, either public or
private .
Conclusion
WHIlE IT IS EVIDElIT THAT SEVERAL OTHER AOElICIES AND OROANIZATIONS PERFORM
FACETS OF THE TOTAL JOB IN THE FIElD OF HOUSING AND RACE, BALTIMORE NEIGIIBORIIlODS IS UNIQUE IN TWO WAYS.
FIRST, IT ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR PERFORMING A FULL RANGE OF ACTIVITIES
AIMED AT: MAINTAINING THE RACIAL STABILITY AND HIGH QUALITY OF RESIDElITIAL
NEIGIIBORHOODS; D]MONSTRATING THAT SOUND, STABlE, INTERRACIAL CCMWNITIES OF
HIGH STANDARDS ARE DESIRABlE AND POSSIBlE; EXPANDING IDUSING OPPORTUNITIES FOR
MINORITIES THROUGIIJUT THE METROPOLITAN AREA .
SECOND, CERTAIN SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES IN WInCH IT ENGAGES AS PART OF TInS TOTAL
PROGRAM ARE NOT NOW PERFORMED ON A REGUIAR RASIS BY OTHER UX;AL AOElICIES.
�- 10 -
FindinB!
Baltimore Neighborhoods carries out its program through a series of separate
but interrelated acitvities .
All are aimed at achieving neighborhood racial
stabilization and an expansion of housing opportunities for minority groups .
It
\
should be noted at the outset that Baltimore Neighborhoods states that it provides
help in a neighborhood onlY after a r equest and after reaching a cooperative agreement nth some r esponsible group or or gani zation in that neighborhood.
There
follows a list of the specific activities in which Baltimore Neighborhoods states
it engages in the endeavo:' t o inform, to educate, and (when necessary) to negotiate
complaints of discrimination:
1.
plans and/or sponsors c onferences dealing with housing and race,
2.
conducts community educational pl'ograms focused on the facts of neighbor-
hood racial change,
3. conducts programs to help neighborhoods make orderly preparation for
imminent racial change,
4. engages in community relati ons work With individual families
and community
groups after a N
egro family has moved into a predominantly white neighborhood,
5.
engages in various activities with the r eal estate, banking, and home
building
i rxiustri~'s
to achieve increased acceptance of open occupancy,
6. disseminates infor mation about housing and race on an individual basis as
r equested ,
7.
maintains , and provides upon request, a list of homes and apartments available on a non-di scriminat ory b :,,:,ls .
8.
rec :~ve3
9.
receives and investigates complaints of illegal blockbusting practices and refers
to the
and at t empts to negot iate complaints of discrimination in housing,
appropriate enforcement a gency if other attempts at solution fail,
�- 11-
10.
within the limits of the law governing the political activities of
tax-exempt organizations, endorses and promotes legislation which supports
the concept of open housing and opposes any which might perpetuate
racial discrimination in the field of housing.
(The Committee wishes to point out that this list was provided by
Baltimore Neighborhoods and was not the subject of Committee investigation . )
In addition to Baltimore Neighborhoods Inc., there exist locally a number
of community organizations or groups of organizations, with programs in the general
fields of housing or civil rights.
Seven of them, both public and private,
state they have definite housing programs that can be compared with the program
of Baltimore Neighborhoods.
They are:
Baltimore Community Relations Commission,
Baltimore County league for Htunan Rights, Baltimore Urban league, Citizens
Planning and Housing Association, Maryland Commission on Interracial Problems and
Relations, neighborhood improvement associations, civil rights organizations.
As part of their own broader programs concerned with improved housing, planning,
or civil rights, they regularly engage in some of the same activities as those
engaged in by Baltimore Neighborhoods .
They occasionally engage in otper of
the actiVities carried out by Baltimore Neighborhoods ,but'.dp not consider them
regular parts of their programs.
Neighborhoods
The ten activities specified by Baltimore
are the core of its day-to-day program.
Table 1 shows the activities in which these other organizations regularly
engage compared with the regular activities of Baltimore Neighborhoods.
Except
where otherwise noted, the information contained in the table was supplied by
the agencies themselves .
�Table 1 - Activities of Other Organizations ComlBred With Those of Baltimore Neighborhoods
Organizations
Baltimore
Baltimore
Community
County
Re lat ions
League fer
Commission Human
Ri ghts ~
Specific T.ypes of Activities
Engaged in by ENI
Citizens
Planning
and Housing
Association
!Y
Planning - sponsoring conferences
dealing with housing and race
Yes
Yes
Corrrnission
on Inter racial
~~~ti'lli\sand
Ye.
Neighborhood
Improvement
Associations
!!I
Organizations Baltimore
Active in the Urban
League
Field of
Civil Righta
!I
Yes
Conducting community educational
programs focused on the facts of
neighborhood racial change
MlU'l'land
Engaging in community relations
work with individual families and
community groups after a Negro
fami~ has moved into a predominantly white neighborhood and
vice versa
Yes
.
cd
Yes
.
Engag ing in var i cus activities
with the real estate, banking, and
home building industries to achieve
increased acceptance of open
occupancy
Disseminating information about
housing am race on an individual
basis as requested
Yee
Yes
t1a1ntaining, and provid~ upon
request, a list of available
homes in open neighborhoods
Conducting programs to help
neighborhoods make orderlY
preparation far imminent racial
change
es
Y
Y
es
Ye s O
j
.
Yes
Yee
•
•
•
I
.
tes
�•
•
•
Receiving and attempting to
negotiate canplaints of discriminati on in housing
Yes
Receiving ani investigating canplaints of illegal blockbusting
practices and referral to the
appropriate enforcement a gency
if other attempts at solution f=ai=l=----I---_ _ __
Yes
+____-l _ _ _ __-f______f-______-I---_ _ _ _ _ _ II_ _ _ __
Endorsing and promoting legislation supporting the concept of
Yes
open housing - opposing any which
might p;trpetuate racial discriminati on in the field of housing
____________________________________L _________ _
!I
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
-- ----- -- .----- ------- ------------ ------------- -------------- ---------
This information was obtained from a review of certain descriptive material issued by the organization and from the
Executive Director of Baltimore Neighborhoods who irxlicates he has worked closely with the Baltimore County League for
Human Rights in its housing activities.
2,/ C.P.H.A. states : "All of our work deals
with housing and race but not on an intensive scale as Baltimore Neighborhoods,
Inc •.•• Since Baltimore Neighborhoals, Inc . .has been set up we try to refer intensive work of this kind. to them .. • . "
It
is important to note that C.P .H.A. indicates general agreement that Baltimore Neighborhoods should take leadership in
these specific activities.
sf
Since Maryland has no open housing statute, the Commission's activities in the field of housing are devoted largely to
educational programs and mediation of canplaints of alleged housing discrimination. The Commission states that 1£ the
act of discrimination occurred in a local community having a Biracial Committee or voluntary agency active in the housing field (such as Baltimore Neighborhoods) the Commission would ordinarily refer the complainant to that agency or
work in close cooperation with that agency in seeking a resolution to the problem.
c!/
This determination results fran the canmittee's contacts with representatives of numerous improvement associations. In
almost all cases, their activities are carrie1. out on behalf of the residents of a given neighborhood or clearly defined
geographic area.
,y
This is a composite of information supplied by CORE and the Baltimore Fr:lends of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Council), the two d.vil rights organizations which responded to the comml.ttee's questionnaire.
t::
�- 14 The committee lIas unable to discover additional agencies or organizations
that should be included in the above comparison .
The information i n Table 1
supports Baltimore Neighborhoods t contention that in the Baltimore Metropolitan
Area only it provides a full range of services dealing with housing and the
issue of rac e .
'1'uo other facts lend added <Height to these findings .
In w.any cases, even agencies or organizations nhich have indicated they
regularly perform or.e or
mo:.~e
of the
SilJ1e
activities carried out by Baltimore
rJeighborhocds state that they lacl{ sufficient time and staff J in view of
their other cOm::litmcnts, to
They indicate a
~dllingness
~':. ssign
such uork the priority they fee l it descrv€s .
to have Baltimore Neighborhocxis assume the leader-
ship Z'ole and define their own role as supportive to
~o lt:L
'!I0~e
Neighborhoods '
In discharging the ir r esponsibilities in the broader fielde
intensive efforts .
. of housing and civil rights they state the:r m."'ten refer situations to Baltimore
Haighborhoods or ,,'!ork cooperatively uith that agency .
While the Mayor ' s proposed Fair Housing Bill provides that enforcement
uould be the responsibility of the Baltimore Community Relations Connnission,
t.he existence of such legislation would, in all prob::!.b i lity
need for Baltimore Neighborhoods = services.
and intent as well
occur overnight .
fiB
incre~se
the
Community acceptance of the
spiri~.;.
the I1letter"of co.oy fair housing legislation would. not
On the contrary, it can be expected that complete acceptance " ouN
come very slowly and , es pecially for some sections in th9 metropolitan area ,
very painfuDy.
Neighborhoods and individuals
assuming their necessary responsibiltties .
~.j'ould
need he l p and support in
Because of its expc;icnce it is
expected that Baltimore Neighborhoods would play an important role in this
effort .
�- 15 Char•• 2
To consider what effect (if any) membership in the Community Chest
might have on the current program activities and method of operation of
Baltimore Neighborhoods.
Conclusion
EVIDENCE INDICATES BALTIMORE NEIGHBORIIlODS IS OPERATING IN A CONTROVERSIAL FIEID.
THE COHHITTEE IS COOVINCED THAT BALTIMORE NEIGHBCRlIJODS'
I'ROGRAM 13 AIMED AT RESOU'ING CONrROVERSY AND ELIMINATING CCHoIUNITY TENSION,
NOT AT CREATING OR SUSTAINING IT.
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT MEMBERSI!IP IN THE
CGlMUNITY CHEST, WHILE NOT AFFECTING THE BASIC PROGRAM OF BALTIMORE NEIGHBCRIIlODS,
MIGHr RESULT IN A LIMITATION ON SOME OF ITS ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF J;llUAL
HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES .
Findings
The committee wishes to begin with a word of caution.
It has not
attempted to assess whether or not Baltimore Neighborhoods meets all of
the criteria established for membership by the Community Chest of the Baltimore
Area, Inc .
It does not recommend whether or not the Community Chest
should accept Baltimore Neighborhoods to membership, or deal with the possible
effect such membership might have on the fund raising potential of the Chest.
�- 16 -
The committee1s purpose was to use the facts available to it to arrive
at an opinion about the possible effect on Baltimore Neighborhoods' program
were it to become a Community Chest member agency and meet the requirements
for continuing membership .
The conclusion results from a consideration of
certain written principles which guide the Chest in the admission of agencies
to membership, the Bylaws of the Community Chest, and very limited information
from other cities where housing agenCies are, or have been in the recent past,
Community Chest. members.
In addition, the committee discussed this issue
With both the PreSident and Executive Director of Baltimore Neighborhoods.
This was done in an effort to learn the agencyfs reasons for considering
making application for Chest membership and to have benefit of its opinion
of the effect membership would have on the agency 1 s current program and method
of operation.
The Element of Controversy and Community Chest Membership Requirements One of the written principles which guides the Community Chest in the
admission of agencies to membership states:
tlNo propa.ganda organization in the field of controversial questions,
or organization which recommends in favor of or against the
election of individual candidates to _political - cffice shall be
admitted to the Community Chest."
21
Through various operating methods, Baltimore Neighborhoods openly and
actively supports the concept of "fair" or nopen" housing available to all
without regard to race.
The Committee is of the opinion that Baltimore
Neighborhoods f active advocacy of community wide open occupancy legislation
21
"General Information Form for Agencies Desiring Membership in the Community
Chest of the Baltimore Area, Inc . ", Community Chest of the Baltimore Area, Inc.
�- 17 -
might have to be de-emphasized were it to be admitted to the Community Chest at
this time.
(This statement is made With full awareness of the interrelatedness
of the activities in which Baltimore Neighborhoods engages . )
concept is legally endorsed in most other large cities.
The open housing
It may well be generally
accepted (therefore, presumably not controversial) as well as legally sanctioned
in these same cities .
Although acceptance is more difficult to document than legal
sanetion, the Report of the Baltimore City
Housin~
Study Advisory Committee states :
"Of the six largest cities in the United states only Baltimore and
Detroit do not have Fair Homing laws. In addition, cities most
silnilar to Baltimore - Washington, st . louis, Boston, and Pittsburgh
are all covered by open-occupancy laws •• .• None of these cities has
suffered panic, large exodus to the suburbs or big changes in
housing patterns. ~.any reports indicate that the move to suburbs,
started before World War .II, and picked up immediately afterwards,
has now, in the 60 1 s, reversed itself with a movement back into
the City. In other words, the patte~n of movement between the city
and suburbs seems to be the same in all cities, regardless of
whether or not there is open- occupancy legislation . • .• The CommiSSion
found that St. Louis, a city remarkably similar to Baltimore, has
not suffered any economic impairment after passage of legislation
for fair hOUSing and. that there is general acceptance of the
legislation by those who had most vigorously objected to it . Moreover, the moral climate of the community has benefited from the
enactment of legislation . 1\
Baltimore I s situation at present is different .
legislation.
There is no open-occupancy
The 1965 session of the Haryland General Assembly failed to act
on a statewide Fair Housing Bill .
The housing provisions were deleted from
the Civil Rights Act passed by the Baltimore City Council in 1964.
These
two events were prima facie evidence that disagreements exist among residents
of the Baltimore area as to the merits of open occupancy.
Although the
Mayor has introduced a Fair Housing Bill into the City Council, no final
acti on has been taken .
The committee can only conclude that the cause ' of
open occupancy is viewed as controversial in the Baltimore area at this time .
�- 18 -
Community Chest- Member Agency Relationships - Community Chest member agencies
enjoy a degree of autonomy.
Article V of the Bylaws of the Chest deals with
1
1Agency Member and Corr:munity Chest Relationships . "
Section 2 (d) of this
Article bears on the situation under discussion:
IIAgency Autonomy - Agency Member shall be independent and
self- gover ning . However, should an Agency Member take any
action or engage in any activity which in the judgement of
the Executive Committee adverse~ affects the interests of
the Chest or its Agency J.lembers, the Executive Committee may
request such lAgency Member, in writing, stating its r easons,
to discontinue such action or activity. Should the Agency
Member decline to complY with such request, the Executive
Committee may recorrmend the r emoval of such Agency Member
from the Chest pursuant to Article IV, Section 5, or thes e
By-laws . 11
The committee thinks it can be assumed that activities in controversial fields
could fall within the pr ovisions of this Secti on and could, therefore, have
the effect of limiting Baltimore N
eighborhoo.ds r advocacy of open occupancy.
Information from other Communities - Inforrnat ion was sought about the
6/
programs of Community Chest member housing agencies in other large cities .- '
No instance was found of a member agency whose program closely resembles
the program of Baltimore Neighborhoods.
However , the response fr om the
Community Health and. Welfare Council of the Cincinnati Area with regard
to the Better Housing league , a Chest agency, is very pertinent.
The
Council' s Executive Director said he believed Cbest member ship bas limited
the Better Housing League's program in only minor ways (the League is a
long time Chest member).
While the league has carri ed :>ut an educational
,
i j See questionnaire, Appendix B
�- 19 -
program for improved housing, it" ... has not assumed a role of aggressively
striking out for equal opportunities in housing, etc .... "
There is also a
voluntary non-Cheat member citizens group in Cincinnati, H.O.M.E. ( Housing
Opportunities Made Equal).
Representatives of individual agencies partici-
pate in its fair housing activities which
11, ••
would appear to eliminate
the possibility of tax-supported or Communtiy Cbest-supported organizations
being engaged too aggressively in fair-housing activities."
The United Good Neighbor s of Seattle responded that the CiVic Unity
Committee of that city had engaged in fair housing actiVities to a limited
extent but had gone out of existence, effective June 30, 1964.
The
United Good Neighbors withdreM its financial support based on the fact that
many of the activities of the Civic Unity Committee
~ere
assumed by the
newly created City of Seattle Human Rights Commission (public).
No other
city reported a Chest member agency engaged in fair housing activities.
Baltimore Neighborhoods' Own View - The President and the Executive Director
or Baltimore
Neighborhoods said they did not think the Community Chest's
membership criteria would have to affect the present operation of Baltimore
Neighborhoods.
Charge 3
To evaluate the degree of responsibility employed by Baltimore
Neighborhoods in its activities and consider the acceptance of its
efforts by various segments of the community.
�- 20 -
Conclusions
BALTIMORE NEIGHBORHOODS WAS FOOlED AND HAS DEVEIDPED IN A PROFESSIONAL
MANNER.
IT HAS CARRIED OUT RESPONSIBLY ITS PROGRAM WHICll HAS BEEN GENERALLY
ACCEPTED BY THOSE SEGMENTS OF THE COMMUNI TY WORKING TO IMFROVE HOUSING
CONDI TIONS AND TO MAKE HOUSING AVAILABLE TO ALL PERSONS WITHOUT REGARD
TO RACE .
BALTIMORE NEIGHBORHOODS HAS MET WITH
S(J1E
SU::CESS IN EFFORTS TO
GAIN THE SUPPORT OF THE LOCAL REAL ESTATE AND HOHE BUILOING IlIDUSTRIES .
IT HAS BEEN Ml£H LESS EFFECTIVE IN PROIlIDING DIRECT SERVICES TO
IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATIONS IN NEIGHBORHOODS UNDERGOING, OR ABOUT TO UNDERGO,
RACIAL CHANCE .
Findings
Formation and Structure - As described in the historical review ,
Bal timore Neighborhoods was formed as an expression of the need felt by
part of Baltimore ' s bUSiness community and several civic and improvement
associations representing areas in northwest Baltimore .
"l.
2.
jJ
Its objectives are :
To maintain the racial stability and high quality of residential
neighborhoods in the Baltimore M
etropolitan area.
To demonstrate that neighborhoods do not have to either be al1-white
or all- Negro; that another alternative - sound, stable interracia l
communities of high standards - are not only desirab l e but possi ble . \I
Untit l ed descriptive folder prepared by Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
11
�- 21-
Baltimore N
eighborhoods is structured in a manner consistent with the
structure of other, similar, non-profit, charitable and educational agencies .
It has a written set of Bylaws which govern its structure and operation .
Baltimore N
eighborhoods is composed of both general (voting) and associate
(non-voting) members.
General membership is limited to organizations .
Any
organization interested in the purpose and program of Baltimore Neighborhoods
is eligible for membership.
The Bylaws
stupulate that the following shall be
general members f Citizens Planning and Housing Association, Greater Baltimore
Committee, Real Estate Board of Greater Baltimore, Chamber of Commerce of
M
etropolitan Baltimore, Inc . , M
aryland Cou:mission on Interracial Problems
and Relations, M
ayor and City Council of Baltimore, and the Baltimore
Urban League.
As of May, 1965, there were 19 organizational (general)
members :
Alameda- Harford N
eighborhood Association
Allendale-Lyndhurst Improvement Association
Ashburton Area Association
Baltimore City Council
Baltimore Ethical Society
Baltimore Urban League
Citizens Planning and Housing Association
Fairmount A
ssociation
Greater Baltimore Committee
Joint Social Order Committee of Baltimore Friends ' Meetings
Kenilworth Park Neighborhood Association
Lauraville Improvement Association
Maryland Commission on Interracial Problems and Relations
Maryland Council of Churches
Mt . Washington Improvement Association
Public Affairs Comnittee, First U
nitarian Church
Real Estate Board of Greater Balti more
Real Estate Brokers of Baltimore, Inc.
Windsor Hills A
ssociation
�- 22 -
Baltimore Neighborhoods is goverred by a lay Board of Directors.
~
The officers of the Board consist of a president, two vice presidents,
a sec r etary and a treasurer.
The officers serve one -year t erms and
vacanci e s are fil l ed by the Board of Dire ctors.
consists of 22 .rrembers (includ i ng officers).
At prese nt the Board
The Bylaws provide that
15 of the directors shall represent varirus groups or or ganizations in
the Baltimore area .
The Board of Directors is responsible fa the pro-
perty, business , and affairs of the Corporation and discharges those
duties usually assuned by such Boards.
regularly scheduled monthly meetings.
The Board had been holding
There is a small Steering Com-
mittee composed of sene members of th e Board of Directors and the
Executive Director to conside r vari Qua agency problems arising between
regular mee tings of the Board of Directors .
This Steering Committee
was for mally es t ablished by the Board in September, 1964.
In addition to tohe Board of Directors there is an Advise ry Boord
to work with ani advise the Board of Directors as Ule latter shall re quire .
M
embers ar e designated by tre organizational (general) membe r s
of Balti more Neighborhoods.
An evaluation of the composition of the Board of Di rectors and the
Advisory Board leads to tre conclusion that the agency has made an effort
to have associated with it men and women who occupy roles of l eade rship in Baltimore ' s business, r eligious and civic activities .
8/ For tre Ol r rent composition of the Board of Directors and the Advisory
- Board , see Appendi x C.
�- 2) -
Many also serve in voluntary positions with other community service
agencies and institutions.
The real estate and horne building industries
and mortgage firms are we 11 represented on the Board of Directors.
Baltimore Neighborhoods makes use of persons in the community
with backgrounds and skills in r esearch as members of a Research
Advisory Con:mittee. This Committee concerns itself with research
pr~
jects aimed at providing Baltimore Ne ighborhoods with data essential
t o its program activitites.
To conduct its operation, Baltimore N
eighborhoods has a staff
consisting of an executive director, a part time staff assistant and
a secretary.
The executive director has had substantial experience
in the fair housing field.
He has worked in various positions in this
field for almost 20 years. Prior to assuming duties with Baltimore
Neighborhoo:ls, he was .for " hree years Director of the Housing Program
t
of the Chicago Orban League.
)0 hours per week .
The staff assistant has been working about
She fomerly held research positions with both the
Baltimore Housing Authority and the National Committee on Segregation
in the Nation ' s Capital.
The agency has not developed formal, written job descriptions for
staff .
The executive director, operating under the general direction of
the Board of Directors, is responsible for the administration and
program activities of Baltimore Ne i ghborhoods .
The internal operation
of the agency is his responsibility, and with the help of the staff
assistant , he carries out the program activities already described.
The executive director supervises the other members of the staff.
�- 24 The staff assistant performs those dutie s to which she is assigned by
the executive director.
She assists the executive director in furthering
the general purpose of Baltimore Neighborhoods.
The secretary performs the usual clerical duties recessary for the
operation of the agency.
Canmunity Acceptance of Baltimore Neighborhooos I Efforts - The committee
thinks the available evidence indicates that Baltimore Neighborhoods' goals
and methods of operation have been generally accepted by those in the
community who are striving for improved housing and for equal opportunities
for all without regard. to race .
In the course of its 'WOrk the coounittee
has elicited opinions from busiress men, representatives of the religious
community, and presidents of numerous improvement associations struggling
with the problems of racially changing neighborhoods.
necessarilY endorse
eve~
\'.ihile all did not
facet of Baltimore Neighborhoods' program, it
is clear that they accept the validity of Baltimore Neighborhoods
'
goal
of stable neighborhoods and general methcrls used to achjeve that goal.
Another measure of whettE r cr not a voluntary agency I s efforts are
accepted can be found in the willingness of segments of the community to
contribute to its financial support and participate in its activities .
As
indicated above, numerous responsible groups and organizations are nembers
of Baltimore Ne ighborhoods and t he agency has been able to develop an
ever-widening base of financial support.
E8t~tCB
The Baltimore City Board. of
provided $10,000 from ite contingency fund for Ea1timore Neighbor-
hoods' operation in 1965.
The Archdiocese of Baltimore has been a contributor
�- 25 for the past two years.
In addition, during 1964, 20 individuals, 19 business
firms, and seven foundations or organizations contributed sums in excess of
$lOO.
Over $1,700 was contributed in l esser amounts, averagi ng about
$12.00 per contribution.
Nume rous formal and informal groups have sought advice and counsel
fran the Baltimore Neighborhoods ' staff on problems of neigbborhocxl racial
change and related matters.
This informational and educational service
bas been provided to P.T .A. 's, church groups , clubs, and similar groups.
Baltimore Neig:hborhoods indicates that it would like to further expand
this servide as agency resources permit.
Work with the Real Estate and Home Building Industries - Baltimore Neighborhoods has devoted much effort to gaining the support of the real estate,
home building, and mortgage industries.
Baltimore Neighborhoods states
that part of this undertaking has been accomplished formally through participation in conferences and other planned program activities.
To an even greater
extent it states that it has been done through meetings and informal discussions
with key employees of business firms .
Several accomplishments with the real estate industry are worthy of note
here .
First, Baltimore Neighborhoods was he lpful in securing passage of a
city ordinance making it illegal for real estate brokers to engage in certain
activities usually associated With bl ockbusting.
�- 26 -
Second, with the encouragement of Baltimore Neighborhoods, the Real
Estate Board ( in 15'62) appointed a special committee to study the
facts and implications of neighborhood racial change and recommend positive
action that the profession could. take to solve problems c.&used by such
change .
A resulting policy statement, adopted by the Real Estate Board, asked
members to cease the practice of identifying properties by race in classified
advertising .
Subsequently, Baltimore newspapers adopted a policy of refusing
classified advertisements on "Houses for Sale" which bore racial designations .
The statement also requested that members of the Real Estate Board not relinquish
listings in neighbor hoods beginning to undergo change and asked that buyers
be sought for properties in such areas Without regard too race, col or, or creed .
Third, as noted, the Real Estate Board is a general member of Baltimore
Neighborhoods and several real estate firms and financial institutions are
represented on Baltimore Neighborhoods' Board of Directors .
Fourth, in February,
1965,
the Real Estate Board petitioned the President
to expand the coverage of the Executive Order on Equal Opportunity in Housing to
inc lude mQl\tgages granted by Savings and Loan Associations and commercial
banks whose deposits are insured by the Fereral government.
The President of the
Real Estate Board stated this action was taken as a result of the November, 1964,
Baltimore Conference on Equal Opportunity in Housing .
Services to Neighborhood Improvement Associations _ In working to promote
orderly racial change, Baltimore Neighborhoods states that it engages in
a variety of program activities With nei ghborhood aSSOCiations.
O form of
ne
such involvement is the presentation of factual data about racial change to
concerned residents, thereby preventing the spread of rumor that can result
�- 27 -
in turmoil and i nc reased ill feelings .
In other cases, Baltimore Neighborhoods '
staff has acted in ;""1 advisory capacity on such subjects as zoning r egulations
or new and improved services sought from the loca l government .
Since the committee thinks services to neighborhood associations,
especially those in "critica l rr areas .about to undergo or already undergoing
racial change, are among the most unportant taskn to be lh.dertaken by an
agency such as Baltimore
~"':: ighbor hoodl:j,
it lias surpriised that there was not
evidence of gr eater involvement vrith improvement n.ssociations.
The committee
is cognizant of the limited res ources at Balti mor e Ne i ghborhoods' command .
It cautions that it lTould be very ea sy to e."Cpect too much of Baltimore
Ne ighborhoods in vig;·J of its small staff and the enormity df the problem with
which it must struggle.
While it must r emain conjecture, it seems likely '..
that there would be more notable results in work with improvement groups
if Baltimore Neighborhoods had available more staff service .
Despite these recognized handica ps, the committee thinks it is ilnportant
to c onsider the results of this phase of Baltimore Neighbol'hoods ' work .
There are about 150 neighborhood associations in tbe Baltilnore area,
Baltimore Neighborhoods indicates it has carried out program activities with
16 of these during the last two yea.rs . \-lith f eu excepti ons these are
groups representing nei ghborhoods i n northeast and northHest Baltimore City.
The committee spoke to representatives of, or
two-thirds of these
n5sociation~ ,
he~d
in writing from, about
M
ost of t hs associations r a ported one to
three contacts with Baltimore Nejchborhoods durine the
p~s t
two years .
These usually took the form of speeches by Baltimore Nsighborhoods ' staff
about how to achieve and
maint~in
a racially stabilized neighborhood or
meetings with the officers of associations to offer advice on handling a
�-28variety of neighborhood problems.
W
ith two exceptions, there was not evidence
of long- time, meaningful contact between Baltimore Neighborhoods and the
associations.
Several associations mentioned that they considered the
Citizens Planning am Housing Association ani the Housing Conunittee of the
Real Estate Board !'more available" to them.
It is important to note that in cases where Baltimore Neighborhoods
had provided more than minimal services, the associations were usually
satisfied with the quality, if not the quantity, of such service.
Associa -
tions were aware that the nature of this work almost always precludes
dramatic successes or overnight changes in attitude.
Two associati ons were
more lavish in their praise of Baltimore Neighborhoods and indicated a
record of more extensive contacts with that agency.
Both these organizations
and the others reporting less involvement thought Baltimore Neighborhoods'
greatest value lay in:
1) the morale value of its very existence as a
symbol that neighborhood racial stability is an achievable goal;
2) its role in helping to outlaw certain undesirable r eal estate practices.
�APPENDICES
�Appendu A-l
November 19, 1964
study Plan
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
I.
BlICqrouncl one! reaaon for study request
On Auguat
14,
1964 the Executive Director of Baltimore Neighborhoods re-
quested the lIealth and Welfare CouncH OWC} to undertake a study ot
Balt.imore Neighborhoods.
The letter of request stated thet Baltimore
Neighborhood. planned to make appl1cation for membership in the Ca.ounity
Chest in the near future.
Before submitting ita formal application, the
agenoy wanted the IIIC to oonduct a .tudy aimed at evaluating certain
aspects of BaltJ»ore Neighborhood. f purpose and progr... related to el1gibil1ty fop Comaunity Che.t meDbership.
II.
Scope of the otudy
The study 1I1ll b. concerned 1I1th three aspects of the operation of
Baltimore Neighborhoods .
First, it 1I1ll atte..pt. to define which .ervice. currently provided by
Baltimore Neighborhoodo in the Baltimore motropol1 tan area are unique one!
whieh (if any) are .imilar to tho.e being provided by other ageneie. one!
organ1aatlons in the community.
This Will include a conelderation ot any
uniquene•• in the _hod(s} employed by Baltimore Neighborhoodo in prov1d1ng ito
oem.c...
�Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
liovember 19, 1964
Secmd, it will consider what effect, if any, membership in the Community
Clest might have on the current programs of Baltimore Neighborhoods ~
the methods it employs in carrying out. those programs.
The study
~11 not
attempt to deal with how the possible membership of Baltimore Neighborhoods
in the Community Chest would affect the fund-raising potential of the
•
Comnmity
Ou~st.
It will not recommend vhether the Chest should accept
Baltimore Neighborhoods to membership.
These determinatIons are the
responsibility of the Community Chest.
Third, It will evaluate the degree of responsibility employed by Baltimore
Neighborhoods in its activities and consider the acceptance of Its efforts
by various segments of the community.
Ill.
Method
A.
Personnel
1.
Study Committee - the President of the HWC will appoint a small
committee to conduct the study and submit a report of its findings
to the Board of the HWC.
This cOlll!lI ttee will be c_osed of lay
people, some of whom . have backgrounds in the field of housing
real estate.
No committee member will be a paid employee of any
public or private
civil rigtts.
01'.
agen~
working in the field of housing or
Such people will be involved as needed as con-
sultants to the committee.
2.
HWC staff - a staff member assigned by the Executive Director of
the HWC will provide staff service to the committee.
He will be
responsible for collecting background Wormation and necessary
data to be used by the cOfllDittee.
He will handle all arrangelKflts
�Baltimore Neighborhoods J Inc .
Novelliler 19, 1964
connected with committee meetings and will discharge the usual
staff services.
B.
Data to be collected
\
1.
Baltimore Neighborhoo:is - a review of the history and present
structure and operation or Baltimore Neighborhoods.
This information
will be canpiled from material supplied by Baltimore Neighborhoods.
Such mterial could include Bylaws, an information manual prepared
by the agenc7 J minutes, annual reports, and other operating and.
budget statements .
The following aspects of the agency will be
c overed:
a.
b.
purpose
d.
structure
e.
current activities and methods used to carry them out
f.
method of financing
g.
staff
h.
advisory groups and consultants used. by the agency
i.
geographic area served
j.
Client-group served
k.
2.
auspices
c.
•
history
relationship to other conmnmity agencies
am
organizations
COIlD1'IWlity agencies arxi organizations With programs arxi interests
related to Baltimore Neighborhoods--information will be obtained
from the following concerning their general purpose and current
program:
�Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
lIavember 19, 1964
a.
b.
Baltimore Urban League
d.
Citizens Planning and HouSing Association
e.
•
Baltimore County League for Human Rights
c.
•
Baltimore Community Relations Commission
Commission on Interracial PrOblems and Relations (State of
Maryland)
f.
g.
3.
A representative ne ighborhood Improvement association
other organizations working primarIly in the field of civil
rights, i.e., NAACP, CeRE, GIG.
Comrmmity Chest member agencies in other cities that are working
in the fi eld of housing - a questionnaire will be designed and
sent to Community Chests and/or these Chest member agencies in
other cities.
Chest and/or agency executives will be asked to
indicate whether or not the housing agencies engage in activities
similar to those engaged in by Baltimore Neighborhoods, and, if
they do, whether, in the opinion of these executives, Chest
membership has had aqy limiting effect on their program5 and the
methods of achieving their ob j ectives .
They will also be asked
what reaction there has been to the fact of Chest membership from
various segments of the conmunity •
•
4. The Bylaws and requirements f or membership in the COlllllUlity Chest
of the Baltimore Area, Inc . will be considered in relation to the
effect meeting such requirements might have on the operating
programs of Baltimore Neighborhoods.
c.
Sequence of study activities
1.
Secure Baltimore Neighborhoods' concurrence with this Study Plan
2.
(blain approval from the HWC Agency Services Committee to undertake the study on the basis of this Study Plan
�BaltImore Neighborhoods, Inc.
lIove~ 19, 1964
3.
ClJtain HWC Board approval for the study based on - his Study Plan
t
4.
Staff compilation of necessary background material to be used by
the Study Committee
5.
AppoIntment of a Study Committee by the President of the HWC
6.
•
Meetings of the Study Committee t o consider the issues and draft
a report
7.
Action by the HWC Board on the Committee report
8.
Transmittal of the HWC approved report to the Board of Baltimore
Neighborhoods
D.
Timing
If this Study Plan is approved and the Board of the HWC author ius
the study at its December, 1964 meeting, the final report should be
completed by June, 1965 •
•
•
I
•
I
�Appendix B-1
C'ONFIDENTIAL
Health and WellareCouncil of the
Baltimore Area, Inc.
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. Study
January, 1965
10 South Street
Baltimore, Maryland
21202
Survey of
Community Chests with Member Agencies Engaged in Housing Programs
•
"_un1ty "nest or
. """a
1.
Address
N_ or 1lirector
, a member-agency of your Community
it mgage in fair hwsing
please answer all of the following questlC1ls.
chest, has a UCFtA service code designation #9909 . Does
activities?
Yes
No. If~,
If ~, pleasean-swer question S.
2.
As a requirement for membership in the Conrnunity Chest, was there a basic change in
that agency's: (1) overall purpose, (2) objec tives, (3) primary activity, (4) method
of operation ?
Yes
No. If l!:.! f or any of the above, please explain the
nature of the change( s ) . -
•
3.
Do you feel that Cheat membership has limited or restricted that agency's program
or method of operatioo?
Yes
No. If ~J explain.
�B-2
4. How did other agencies and organizaticns react to the fact of Chest membership
for that type of organization?
a.
b.
O her voluntary agencies
t
c.
Governmental canmi..ssians or departments
d.
Neighborhood organizatims or associations
e.
Business organizatioos or associations
f.
•
Camnunity Chest agencies
Civil rights organizations
g.
Civic t fraternal and women I s clubs
h.
Religious, ethnic groups
1.
Polltical groups
j .
Other ccmnunity groups,
•
Specify
�B-3
5.
Are there any other agencies in your CCJ!I!IWlity engaged in fair housing activities?
Yes
No. If l!!, please indicate:
Private
Member of Chest
Agency
Address
Public
Yes
•
6.
Ccmnenta:
•
•
Please retum en8 copy to:
Research Department
Health and Welfare Council of the SLLtimore Area, Inc.
10 South Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
No
�Appendix C
BALTIMORE NEIGInlCllJlO(lJS, INC.
BOARD OF DIRECTCllS - 1965
•
CFFICERS
•
President - Stanley I. Panltz
Vice-President - Frank T. Gray
Vice-President - Henry G. Parks, Jr.
Secretary - Robert J. Martineau
Treasurer - Miss Catherine Byrne
Miss Catherine Byrne
Richard L. Cover
Marshall Jones
Frank A. Kaufman
Robert J. Martineau
stan lay 1. Panitz
Henry G. Parks, Jr.
Mrs. John B. Ramsay, Jr.
Donald N. Rothman
Rev. Anthony P. Dziwulski
Rev. Herbert O. Edwards
Frank T. Gray
William B. Guy, Jr.
Sidney Hollander, Jr.
Guy T. O. HolJo>day
Dr. Alfred B. Starratt
Francis N. Iglehart, Jr.
Melvin J. Sykes
Rev. James C. Thomson
Roger J. Johnson
Rev. Fred Webber
ADVISCllY BOARD
G. Cheston Carey
•
George Carroll
Alaxander S. Coohran
Dr. Leon Eisenberg
Hsnry P. Irr
Louis B. Kohn, II
Edgar A. Levi
Rabbi Morris Lieberman
Grinnell W Locke
.
December
1964
Dr. Eugene Meyer
Mrs. Mary Meyer
George R. Morris
M. Peter Moser
Francis D. Murnaghan J Jr.
Henry E. Niles
James W. Rouse
Mal Sherman
Alexander stark
Hon. Robert B. Watts
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Discrimination in housing
Nonprofit organizations
Citizens' associations
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
African Americans
Housing
Baltimore (Md.)
Community organization
Reports
Correspondence
Newsletters
Description
An account of the resource
This exhibit provides an introduction to the work of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) around issues of racial integration in housing and tenants' rights from the 1950s to the 2000s.
Established in 1958, Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. was formed to promote an open housing market and viable integrated neighborhoods in the Baltimore area. It was established by several neighborhood associations and supported by civic organizations like the Greater Baltimore Committee. The early focus of the organization was to obtain open housing and stable neighborhoods during a period of widespread white flight and blockbusting in Baltimore City. Through education and advocacy, it sought to counter racial prejudice, to fight discrimination in the real estate industry, and to combat neighborhood deterioration resulting from segregated housing. More recently, BNI has focused on tenant-landlord relations and renters' rights.
The Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) collection at the University of Baltimore consists of 22 linear inches of archival records, which are described in an online collection database. The complete collection has also been digitized at the folder level and is also available in the collection database. For this exhibit, 32 documents have been selected from the complete collection.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore</a>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://archivesspace.ubalt.edu/repositories/2/resources/14" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records, UB Special Collections & Archives</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
<a href="https://langsdale.ubalt.edu/special-collections/">University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives</a>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
circa 1958-2009
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be quoted or reproduced for personal and educational purposes without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given. When crediting the use of portions from this site or materials within that are copyrighted by us, please use the citation: "Used with permission of the University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archvies." Any commercial use of this material is prohibited without prior permission from the Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore. Commercial requests for use of the images or related text must be submitted in writing to: Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore, H. Mebane Turner Learning Commons, 1415 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21201
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
text/pdf
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
R0015-BNI
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
2019-09
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
32 items
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Study of Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.
Description
An account of the resource
Report written by the Health and Welfare Council of the Baltimore Area, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965-06
Subject
The topic of the resource
Greater Baltimore Committee, Inc.
Health and Welfare Council
Discrimination in housing
Neighborhoods
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Health and Welfare Council of the Baltimore Area, Inc .
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Baltimore Special Collections & Archives
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
bni01.01.10a
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Baltimore Neighborhoods, Incorporated Records (R0015-BNI), series I, box 1, folder 10, Special Collections & Archives, University of Baltimore
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Use of this digital material is governed by U.S. copyright law. The University of Baltimore Special Collections and Archives makes digital surrogates of collections accessible if they are in the public domain, the rights are owned by the University of Baltimore, the Special Collections and Archives has permission to make them accessible, or there are no known restrictions on use. Due to the nature of archival collections, rights information is not always discernible. The Special Collections and Archives is eager to hear from any rights owners wishing to provide accurate information. Upon request, material will be removed from view while a rights issue is addressed. Contact the Special Collections and Archives for more information regarding this image.
Baltimore Metropolitan Area (Md.)
Discrimination in housing
Greater Baltimore Committee
Health and Welfare Council
Inc.
Neighborhoods